{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:25:35Z","timestamp":1791296735509,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,21]],"date-time":"2013-02-21T02:20:22Z","timestamp":1361413222000},"page":"1530-1538","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":287,"title":["Increasing Failure of Miltefosine in the Treatment of Kala-azar in Nepal and the Potential Role of Parasite Drug Resistance, Reinfection, or Noncompliance"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Suman","family":"Rijal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Ostyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surendra","family":"Uranw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keshav","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narayan Raj","family":"Bhattarai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas P. C.","family":"Dorlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos H.","family":"Beijnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manu","family":"Vanaerschot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saskia","family":"Decuypere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subodh S.","family":"Dhakal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murari Lal","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prahlad","family":"Karki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupa","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marleen","family":"Boelaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Claude","family":"Dujardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"Alvar","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C2","first-page":"105","article-title":"Can visceral leishmaniasis be eliminated from Asia?","volume":"45","author":"Joshi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C3","volume-title":"Regional strategic framework for elimination of kala-azar from the South-East Asia region (2005\u20132015)","author":"World Health Organization South-East Asia Region Office"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C4","volume-title":"National strategic guidelines on kala-azar elimination programme in Nepal 2009","author":"Epidemiology and Disease Control Division","year":"2009"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1086\/318121","article-title":"Failure of pentavalent antimony in visceral leishmaniasis in India: report from the center of the Indian epidemic","volume":"31","author":"Sundar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90167-2","article-title":"Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in south-eastern Nepal: decreasing efficacy of sodium stibogluconate and need for a policy to limit further decline","volume":"97","author":"Rijal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021556","article-title":"Oral miltefosine for Indian visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"347","author":"Sundar","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C8","first-page":"394","article-title":"Availability of miltefosine for the treatment of kala-azar in India","volume":"83","author":"Sundar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00795.x","article-title":"A policy for leishmaniasis with respect to the prevention and control of drug resistance","volume":"6","author":"Bryceson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis474","article-title":"Efficacy of miltefosine in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in India after a decade of use","volume":"55","author":"Sundar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-119","article-title":"World antimalarial resistance network I: clinical efficacy of antimalarial drugs","volume":"6","author":"Price","year":"2007","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2008.09.005","article-title":"Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) reveals genetic homogeneity of Leishmania donovani strains in the Indian subcontinent","volume":"9","author":"Alam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.123430.111","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing of multiple Leishmania donovani clinical isolates provides insights into population structure and mechanisms of drug resistance","volume":"21","author":"Downing","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.11.005","article-title":"Genome-wide SNP and microsatellite variation illuminate population-level epidemiology in the Leishmania donovani species complex","volume":"12","author":"Downing","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.08.002","article-title":"Clinical risk factors for therapeutic failure in kala-azar patients treated with pentavalent antimonials in Nepal","volume":"104","author":"Rijal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1039\/c2an15641e","article-title":"Characterization and identification of suspected counterfeit miltefosine capsules","volume":"137","author":"Dorlo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C17","volume-title":"Indicators for monitoring and evaluation of the kala-azar elimination programme","author":"World Health Organization South-East Asia Regional Office","year":"2010"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2008.02.005","article-title":"Development and validation of a quantitative assay for the measurement of miltefosine in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"865","author":"Dorlo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-3212-3","article-title":"Validation of a simple resazurin-based promastigote assay for the routine monitoring of miltefosine susceptibility in clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani","volume":"112","author":"Kulshrestha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0661","article-title":"Phase IV trial of miltefosine in adults and children for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in Bangladesh","volume":"85","author":"Rahman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1086\/524042","article-title":"Clinical and parasite species risk factors for pentavalent antimonial treatment failure in cutaneous leishmaniasis in Peru","volume":"46","author":"Llanos-Cuentas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00014-08","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of miltefosine in Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis patients","volume":"52","author":"Dorlo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3864","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00292-12","article-title":"Optimal dosing of miltefosine in children and adults with visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"56","author":"Dorlo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.46.123","article-title":"Leishmania chagasi antigens recognized in cured visceral leishmaniasis and asymptomatic infection","volume":"46","author":"White","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631460","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/631460","article-title":"Immunity to visceral leishmaniasis using genetically defined live-attenuated parasites","volume":"2012","author":"Selvapandiyan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3855","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00548-09","article-title":"In vitro susceptibilities of Leishmania donovani promastigote and amastigote stages to antileishmanial reference drugs: practical relevance of stage-specific differences","volume":"53","author":"Vermeersch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2006.04.001","article-title":"Mechanisms of experimental resistance of Leishmania to miltefosine: implications for clinical use","volume":"9","author":"Perez-Victoria","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Resist Updat"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.8.2397-2403.2003","article-title":"Leishmania donovani resistance to miltefosine involves a defective inward translocation of the drug","volume":"47","author":"Perez-Victoria","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2007.05.007","article-title":"Inactivation of the miltefosine transporter, LdMT, causes miltefosine resistance that is conferred to the amastigote stage of Leishmania donovani and persists in vivo","volume":"30","author":"Seifert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1804.110841","article-title":"Leishmania resistance to miltefosine associated with genetic marker","volume":"18","author":"Cojean","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1657","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001657","article-title":"Drug susceptibility in Leishmania isolates following miltefosine treatment in cases of visceral leishmaniasis and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"6","author":"Bhandari","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0903627","article-title":"Single-dose liposomal amphotericin B for visceral leishmaniasis in India","volume":"362","author":"Sundar","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170623052507_CIT102C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62050-8","article-title":"Comparison of short-course multidrug treatment with standard therapy for visceral leishmaniasis in India: an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial","volume":"377","author":"Sundar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/56\/11\/1530\/17850819\/cit102.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]],"date-time":"2017-08-22T17:14:15Z","timestamp":1503422055000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/cit102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,20]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cit102","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.724518465.793523077","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1537-6591","1058-4838"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,20]]}}}