{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T15:46:13Z","timestamp":1773675973469,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,24]],"date-time":"2016-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>For over a decade we have known of an epidemic of sexually transmitted hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men who have sex with men (MSM), but there still remains significant controversy over which bodily fluid(s) are responsible for HCV transmission in these men.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We enrolled HIV-infected MSM with recent and chronic HCV infection and quantified HCV from rectal fluid obtained by blind swab. We compared the rectal HCV viral load (VL) with paired blood HCV VL.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We found rectal HCV shedding in 20 (47%) of 43 men, only one (2%) of whom had visible bleeding. Detection of rectal HCV shedding was associated with blood VL &amp;gt; 5 log10 IU\/mL (p = .01), and 85% with blood VL &amp;gt; 5 log10 IU\/mL had rectal shedding. The HCV VL of the rectal fluid ranged from 2.6 to 5.5 log10 IU\/mL. Based on the median rectal fluid VL, the surface of an average human penis would be exposed to at least 2,300 IU of HCV for the duration of anal intercourse.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study provides the first direct evidence to our knowledge that a sufficient quantity of HCV is shed into the rectum in HIV-infected men with HCV infection to directly infect an inserted penis or be passed indirectly through fomite-like transmission to the rectum of sex partner. We must develop an appropriate public health campaign to educate MSM about these routes of HCV infection to reverse the HCV epidemic among HIV-infected MSM.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,7]],"date-time":"2016-11-07T20:05:39Z","timestamp":1478549139000},"page":"284-288","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Shedding of Hepatitis C Virus Into the Rectum of HIV-infected Men Who Have Sex With Men"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Andrew L","family":"Foster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael M","family":"Gaisa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosanne M","family":"Hijdra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel S","family":"Turner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tristan J","family":"Morey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen B","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel S","family":"Fierer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020031810473333500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2004.00225.x","article-title":"Acute hepatitis C in HIV-infected men who have sex with men","volume":"5","author":"Ghosn","year":"2004","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"2020031810473333500_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2003.008532","article-title":"Increased numbers of acute hepatitis C infections in HIV positive homosexual men: is sexual transmission feeding the increase?","volume":"80","author":"Browne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sex Transm 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Assessing HCV acquisition routes in HIV-infected MSM using single genome sequencing\u2014a pilot study. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Abstract 674, Boston, MA, 3 March, 2014"},{"key":"2020031810473333500_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00941.x","article-title":"HIV infection and immune defense of the penis","volume":"65","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2020031810473333500_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit648","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus maintains infectivity for weeks after drying on inanimate surfaces at room temperature: implications for risks of transmission","volume":"209","author":"Paintsil","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020031810473333500_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1086\/491742","article-title":"Presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in the genital tracts of HCV\/HIV-1-coinfected women","volume":"192","author":"Nowicki","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020031810473333500_CIT0026","first-page":"1927","article-title":"Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in bile","volume":"92","author":"Yanaga","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2020031810473333500_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.04.006","article-title":"Frequent detection of HCV RNA and HCVcoreAg in stool of patients with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"80","author":"Heidrich","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/64\/3\/284\/32926768\/ciw740.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/64\/3\/284\/32926768\/ciw740.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T14:48:00Z","timestamp":1584542880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/64\/3\/284\/2452663"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,24]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciw740","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,24]]}}}