{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T12:40:02Z","timestamp":1793364002502,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,15]],"date-time":"2016-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Psychological stress is commonly thought to increase the risk of herpes zoster by causing immunosuppression. However, epidemiological studies on the topic are sparse and inconsistent. We conducted 2 parallel case-control studies of the association between partner bereavement and risk of zoster using electronic healthcare data covering the entire Danish population and general practices in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We included patients with a zoster diagnosis from the primary care or hospital-based setting in 1997\u20132013 in Denmark (n = 190671) and 2000\u20132013 in the United Kingdom (n = 150207). We matched up to 4 controls to each case patient by age, sex, and general practice (United Kingdom only) using risk-set sampling. The date of diagnosis was the index date for case patients and their controls. We computed adjusted odds ratios with 99% confidence intervals for previous bereavement among case patients versus controls using conditional logistic regression with results from the 2 settings pooled using random-effects meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overall, the adjusted odds ratios for the association between partner bereavement and zoster were 1.05 (99% confidence interval, 1.03\u20131.07) in Denmark and 1.01 (.98\u20131.05) in the United Kingdom. The pooled estimates were 0.72, 0.90, 1.10, 1.08, 1.02, 1.04, and 1.03 for bereavement within 0\u20137, 8\u201314, 15\u201330, 31\u201390, 91\u2013365, 366\u20131095, and &amp;gt;1095 days before the index date, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We found no consistent evidence of an increased risk of zoster after partner death. Initial fluctuations in estimates may be explained by delayed healthcare contact due to the loss.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,8]],"date-time":"2016-12-08T12:05:45Z","timestamp":1481198745000},"page":"572-579","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Partner Bereavement and Risk of Herpes Zoster: Results from Two Population-Based Case-Control Studies in Denmark and the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Sigrun A. J.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital 1 ,"},{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 6 ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mogens","family":"Vestergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit for General Practice 2 , and"},{"name":"Section for General Practice, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University 3 ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik S.","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit for General Practice 2 , and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik C.","family":"Sch\u00f8nheyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aalborg University Hospital 4 , and"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University 5 , ;","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara L.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 6 ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liam","family":"Smeeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 6 ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Mansfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 6 ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik T.","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital 1 ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harriet J.","family":"Forbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 6 ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sin\u00e9ad M.","family":"Langan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 6 ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1571","article-title":"Stress-induced immune dysfunction: implications for health","volume":"5","author":"Glaser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(04)01597-9","article-title":"Stress, depression, the immune system, and cancer","volume":"5","author":"Reiche","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.4.601","article-title":"Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry","volume":"130","author":"Segerstrom","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2012.06.020","article-title":"Herpes zoster: family history and psychological stress-case-control study","volume":"55","author":"Lasserre","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1990.tb01497.x","article-title":"Are stressful life events risk factors for herpes zoster?","volume":"38","author":"Schmader","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1998.tb02751.x","article-title":"Race and stress in the incidence of herpes zoster in older adults","volume":"46","author":"Schmader","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofw119","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw119","article-title":"Risk factors for herpes zoster among adults","volume":"3","author":"Marin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu889","article-title":"Psychological stress as a trigger for herpes zoster: might the conventional wisdom be wrong?","volume":"60","author":"Harpaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(97)00118-9","article-title":"Life changes scaling for the 1990s","volume":"43","author":"Miller","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61816-9","article-title":"Health outcomes of bereavement","volume":"370","author":"Stroebe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0011","author":"Ministry of Health and Prevention"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0012","volume-title":"NHS England","author":"Understanding the new NHS","year":"2014"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S91125","article-title":"The Danish National Patient Registry: a review of content, data quality, and research potential","volume":"7","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810395825","article-title":"The Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register","volume":"39","author":"Mors","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw213","article-title":"Data resource profile: the Danish National Prescription Registry","author":"Potteg\u00e5rd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494811404278","article-title":"The National Diabetes Register","volume":"39","author":"Carstensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810394715","article-title":"Danish education registers","volume":"39","author":"Jensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-014-9930-3","article-title":"The Danish Civil Registration System as a tool in epidemiology","volume":"29","author":"Schmidt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv098","article-title":"Data Resource Profile: Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD)","volume":"44","author":"Herrett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0020","author":"Hospital episode statistics"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0021","year":"2011"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0022","volume-title":"ATC group J05\u2014antiviral agents [in Danish]"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.79.6.456","article-title":"Epidemiology of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2","volume":"79","author":"Solomon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1115","article-title":"The relationship between time since registration and measured incidence rates in the General Practice Research Database","volume":"14","author":"Lewis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/22.6.1189","article-title":"What does the odds ratio estimate in a case-control study?","volume":"22","author":"Pearce","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g2911","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g2911","article-title":"Quantification of risk factors for herpes zoster: population based case-control study","volume":"348","author":"Forbes","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0027","author":"Statistics Denmark. C_type. Available at: http:\/\/www.dst.dk\/da\/TilSalg\/Forskningsservice\/Dokumentation\/hoejkvalitetsvariable\/familier\/c-type. Accessed 11 May 2016"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws162","article-title":"Do good health and material circumstances protect older people from the increased risk of death after bereavement?","volume":"176","author":"Shah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(94)90129-5","article-title":"Validation of a combined comorbidity index","volume":"47","author":"Charlson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-013-2755-z","article-title":"Six persistent research misconceptions","volume":"29","author":"Rothman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2015.09.002","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials revisited","volume":"45","author":"DerSimonian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067","article-title":"Multiple imputation using chained equations: issues and guidance for practice","volume":"30","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2670-9","article-title":"Evidence for the low recording of weight status and lifestyle risk factors in the Danish National Registry of Patients, 1999\u20132012","volume":"15","author":"S\u00f8gaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S104","DOI":"10.1086\/514272","article-title":"Cellular immunity to varicella-zoster virus in patients with major depression","volume":"178","author":"Irwin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.02.001","article-title":"Major depressive disorder and immunity to varicella-zoster virus in the elderly","volume":"25","author":"Irwin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2024111411403020100_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis1208","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus-specific immune responses to a herpes zoster vaccine in elderly recipients with major depression and the impact of antidepressant medications","volume":"56","author":"Irwin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/64\/5\/572\/24254856\/ciw840.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/64\/5\/572\/24254856\/ciw840.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T11:58:30Z","timestamp":1731585510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/64\/5\/572\/2698894"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,15]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciw840","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,15]]}}}