{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T06:09:07Z","timestamp":1789366147584,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD061255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD061255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD073977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD073977"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD073952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD073952"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 MH19105-28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 MH19105-28"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,11]],"date-time":"2017-04-11T03:10:14Z","timestamp":1491880214000},"page":"477-485","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Switching to Efavirenz Versus Remaining on Ritonavir-boosted Lopinavir in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Children Exposed to Nevirapine: Long-term Outcomes of a Randomized Trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Pamela M.","family":"Murnane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York;"},{"name":"Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco;"},{"name":"Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renate","family":"Strehlau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Shiau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York;"},{"name":"Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faeezah","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ndileke","family":"Mbete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine J.","family":"Abrams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York;"},{"name":"ICAP, Mailman School of Public Health, and"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashraf","family":"Coovadia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York;"},{"name":"Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0001","volume-title":"Consolidated guideline on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a public health approach","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0002","volume-title":"Children and HIV Fact sheet","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2016"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0003","article-title":"Enhancing HIV treatment access and outcomes amongst HIV infected children and adolescents in resource limited settings","author":"Goga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1000931","article-title":"Antiretroviral treatment for children with peripartum nevirapine exposure","volume":"363","author":"Palumbo","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283492180","article-title":"HIV-1 drug resistance at antiretroviral treatment initiation in children previously exposed to single-dose nevirapine","volume":"25","author":"Hunt","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1113249","article-title":"Nevirapine versus ritonavir-boosted lopinavir for HIV-infected children","volume":"366","author":"Violari","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.13631","article-title":"Efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy among nevirapine-exposed HIV-infected children in South Africa: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"314","author":"Coovadia","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350801302S09","article-title":"Antiretroviral drug resistance surveillance among drug-naive HIV-1-infected individuals in Gauteng Province, South Africa in 2002 and 2004","volume":"13","author":"Pillay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000061521.15730.6E","article-title":"American Heart Association guidelines for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease beginning in childhood","volume":"107","author":"Kavey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0010","volume-title":"WHO Anthro. 3.2","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011","edition":"2 ed"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0011","volume-title":"Interim WHO clinical staging of HIV\/AIDS and HIV\/AIDS case definitions for surveillance","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001204","article-title":"Efavirenz is associated with higher bone mass in South African children with HIV","volume":"30","author":"Arpadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw488","article-title":"Nevirapine- versus lopinavir\/ritonavir-based antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected infants and young children: long-term follow-up of the IMPAACT P1060 randomized trial","volume":"63","author":"Barlow-Mosha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70313-3","article-title":"First-line antiretroviral therapy with a protease inhibitor versus non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and switch at higher versus low viral load in HIV-infected children: an open-label, randomised phase 2\/3 trial","volume":"11","author":"Babiker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70051-8","article-title":"Switching children previously exposed to nevirapine to nevirapine-based treatment after initial suppression with a protease-inhibitor-based regimen: long-term follow-up of a randomised, open-label trial","volume":"12","author":"Kuhn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001318","article-title":"Growth recovery among HIV-infected children randomized to lopinavir\/ritonavir or NNRTI-based antiretroviral therapy","volume":"35","author":"Achan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12297","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis: Patient and programme impact of fixed-dose combination antiretroviral therapy","volume":"19","author":"Ramjan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu046","article-title":"Lower pill burden and once-daily antiretroviral treatment regimens for HIV infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"58","author":"Nachega","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0019","volume-title":"National consolidated guidelines for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) and the management of HIV in children, adolescents and adults","author":"National Department of Health South Africa","year":"2015"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1381-x","article-title":"Case report: severe central nervous system manifestations associated with aberrant efavirenz metabolism in children: the role of CYP2B6 genetic variation","volume":"16","author":"Pinillos","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0021","volume-title":"Guidelines for the management of HIV in children","author":"National Department of Health South Africa","year":"2010","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200103011-00004","article-title":"International perspectives on antiretroviral resistance. Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance","volume":"26 Suppl 1","author":"Deeks","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04215-14","article-title":"Impact of drug resistance-associated amino acid changes in HIV-1 subtype C on susceptibility to newer nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors","volume":"59","author":"Basson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit110","article-title":"Impact of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women and their children in Africa: HIV resistance and treatment outcomes","volume":"207","author":"Paredes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X11311020005","article-title":"HIV drug resistance in mothers and infants following use of antiretrovirals to prevent mother-to-child transmission","volume":"11","author":"Ton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2010.0346","article-title":"Slower clearance of nevirapine resistant virus in infants failing extended nevirapine prophylaxis for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission","volume":"27","author":"Persaud","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200110190-00006","article-title":"Selection and fading of resistance mutations in women and infants receiving nevirapine to prevent HIV-1 vertical transmission (HIVNET 012)","volume":"15","author":"Eshleman","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.8.3122-3126.2004","article-title":"Distribution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease and reverse transcriptase mutation patterns in 4,183 persons undergoing genotypic resistance testing","volume":"48","author":"Rhee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0842-4","article-title":"Efavirenz-based simplification after successful early lopinavir-boosted-ritonavir-based therapy in HIV-infected children in Burkina Faso and C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: the MONOD ANRS 12206 non-inferiority randomised trial","volume-title":"BMC Med 2017","author":"Dahourou"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180306211517_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-015-0446-2","article-title":"Use of integrase inhibitors in HIV-infected children and adolescents","volume":"75","author":"Dehority","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drugs"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/65\/3\/477\/24266666\/cix335.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T11:05:52Z","timestamp":1658919952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/65\/3\/477\/3737621"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,17]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cix335","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,17]]}}}