{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T11:31:45Z","timestamp":1791718305171,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,20]],"date-time":"2017-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32DA013911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32DA013911"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19 AI076217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI076217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AI057786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AI057786"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["5R25MH083620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R25MH083620"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,15]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,18]],"date-time":"2017-05-18T23:11:50Z","timestamp":1495149110000},"page":"900-909","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Impact of Vitamin A and Carotenoids on the Risk of Tuberculosis Progression"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Omowunmi","family":"Aibana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School;"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly F","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan-Chin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerome T","family":"Galea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School and"},{"name":"Partners In Health, Socios En Salud Sucursal Peru, Lima;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Calderon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners In Health, Socios En Salud Sucursal Peru, Lima;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zibiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes C","family":"Becerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily R","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University T. H. Chan School of Public Health, and"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alayne G","family":"Ronnenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of Massachusetts Amherst"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners In Health, Socios En Salud Sucursal Peru, Lima;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Yataco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners In Health, Socios En Salud Sucursal Peru, Lima;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonid","family":"Lecca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners In Health, Socios En Salud Sucursal Peru, Lima;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan B","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0001","year":"2016"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/00324728.1962.10414870","article-title":"Reasons for the decline of mortality in England and Wales during the nineteenth century","volume":"16","author":"McKeown","year":"1962","journal-title":"Popul Stud"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00078708","article-title":"An ecological analysis of incidence of tuberculosis and per capita gross domestic product","volume":"32","author":"Janssens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.058453","article-title":"Trends in tuberculosis incidence and their determinants in 134 countries","volume":"87","author":"Dye","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0005","first-page":"286","article-title":"The relationship between malnutrition and tuberculosis: evidence from studies in humans and experimental animals","volume":"8","author":"Cegielski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301686","article-title":"All-trans retinoic acid-triggered antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is dependent on NPC2","volume":"192","author":"Wheelwright","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1123933","article-title":"Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response","volume":"311","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-4-61","article-title":"Micronutrient malnutrition and wasting in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis with and without HIV co-infection in Malawi","volume":"4","author":"van Lettow","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2013.03.018","article-title":"Low plasma levels of cholecalciferol and 13-cis-retinoic acid in tuberculosis: implications in host-based chemotherapy","volume":"29","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym247","article-title":"Low serum vitamin D levels and tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Nnoaham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis693","article-title":"Vitamin D status and incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis, opportunistic infections, and wasting among HIV-infected Tanzanian adults initiating antiretroviral therapy","volume":"207","author":"Sudfeld","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1605.091693","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and tuberculosis progression","volume":"16","author":"Talat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.14.0348","article-title":"Vitamin D status and incidence of tuberculosis among contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients","volume":"19","author":"Arnedo-Pena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws007","article-title":"Nutritional risk factors for tuberculosis among adults in the United States, 1971\u20131992","volume":"176","author":"Cegielski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0015","first-page":"381","article-title":"A study of the relation of nutrition to the development of tuberculosis; influence of ascorbic acid and vitamin A","volume":"64","author":"Getz","year":"1951","journal-title":"Am Rev Tuberc"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.3537.691","article-title":"Vitamin A as an anti-infective agent","volume":"2","author":"Green","year":"1928","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.3569.984","article-title":"Vitamin A as an anti-infective agent: its use in the treatment of puerperal septigaemia","volume":"1","author":"Mellanby","year":"1929","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.3691.595","article-title":"Diet as a prophylactic agent against puerperal sepsis","volume":"2","author":"Green","year":"1931","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.3745.708","article-title":"Intensive vitamin therapy in measles","volume":"2","author":"Ellison","year":"1932","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e528","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00039-X","article-title":"Trends and mortality effects of vitamin A deficiency in children in 138 low-income and middle-income countries between 1991 and 2013: a pooled analysis of population-based surveys","volume":"3","author":"Stevens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0021","author":"Peru Ministerio de Salud","year":"2006"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S199","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis008","article-title":"Evaluation of tuberculosis diagnostics in children: 1. Proposed clinical case definitions for classification of intrathoracic tuberculosis disease. Consensus from an expert panel","volume":"205","author":"Graham","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.172","article-title":"Individual carotenoid concentrations in adipose tissue and plasma as biomarkers of dietary intake","volume":"76","author":"El\u2013Sohemy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0024","volume-title":"Vitamin A deficiency: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors","author":"Rice","year":"2004"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0025","volume-title":"Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2011"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0026","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2011"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0027","first-page":"115","article-title":"Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data\u2013or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India","volume":"38","author":"Filmer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0028","article-title":"Modern epidemiology","author":"Rothman","year":"2008","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.12.2953","article-title":"Poor micronutrient status of active pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Indonesia","volume":"130","author":"Karyadi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0030","first-page":"CD006086","article-title":"Nutritional supplements for people being treated for active tuberculosis","volume":"11","author":"Sinclair","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001308","article-title":"Vitamin A and D deficiencies associated with incident tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy in a multinational case-cohort study","author":"Tenforde","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29631","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029631","article-title":"Vitamins A & D inhibit the growth of mycobacteria in radiometric culture","volume":"7","author":"Greenstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.01.026","article-title":"Unanticipated Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex culture inhibition by immune modulators, immune suppressants, a growth enhancer, and vitamins A and D: clinical implications","volume":"26","author":"Greenstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-29-6173","article-title":"Effect of carotene on course of B. tuberculosis infection of mice fed on a vitamin A deficient diet","volume":"29","author":"Finkelstein","year":"1932","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0035","first-page":"226","article-title":"The effect of dietary fat and vitamin A on avian tuberculosis in chicks","volume":"84","author":"Solotorovsky","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-3879(21)80102-6","article-title":"A preliminary note on the relationship between deficiency in vitamin A and tuberculosis","volume":"3","author":"Gloyne","year":"1921","journal-title":"Tubercle"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.90.4.958-964.1965","article-title":"Effect of dietary factors upon the resistance of albino mice to experimental infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"90","author":"Layton","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.12.2696","article-title":"Retinoic acid therapy attenuates the severity of tuberculosis while altering lymphocyte and macrophage numbers and cytokine expression in rats infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"137","author":"Yamada","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2005.06.056","article-title":"Downregulation of TACO gene transcription restricts mycobacterial entry\/survival within human macrophages","volume":"250","author":"Anand","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.57.3.840-844.1989","article-title":"Inhibition by retinoic acid of multiplication of virulent tubercle bacilli in cultured human macrophages","volume":"57","author":"Crowle","year":"1989","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-041015-055427","article-title":"Retinoic acid and retinoic acid receptors as pleiotropic modulators of the immune system","volume":"34","author":"Larange","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201344398","article-title":"Seeing through the dark: new insights into the immune regulatory functions of vitamin A","volume":"45","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00032.2013","article-title":"Leukocyte homing, fate, and function are controlled by retinoic acid","volume":"95","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030390","article-title":"Retinoids regulate survival and antigen presentation by immature dendritic cells","volume":"198","author":"Geissmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.64","article-title":"Retinoic acid primes human dendritic cells to induce gut-homing, IL-10-producing regulatory T cells","volume":"8","author":"Bakdash","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4616","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.7.4616","article-title":"All-trans retinoic acid enhances murine dendritic cell migration to draining lymph nodes via the balance of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors","volume":"179","author":"Darmanin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1145697","article-title":"Reciprocal TH17 and regulatory T cell differentiation mediated by retinoic acid","volume":"317","author":"Mucida","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.02.003","article-title":"Retinoic acid is essential for Th1 cell lineage stability and prevents transition to a Th17 cell program","volume":"42","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4376","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711159105","article-title":"Mycobacterial persistence requires the utilization of host cholesterol","volume":"105","author":"Pandey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000000","article-title":"Modifiable factors associated with tuberculosis disease in children: a case-control study","volume":"33","author":"Franke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010062","article-title":"Vitamin C and other compounds in vitamin C rich food in relation to risk of tuberculosis in male smokers","volume":"150","author":"Hemil\u00e4","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/60.3.388","article-title":"Vitamin A is excreted in the urine during acute infection","volume":"60","author":"Stephensen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328150809_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/61.6.1273","article-title":"Urinary excretion of retinol in children with acute diarrhea","volume":"61","author":"Alvarez","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/65\/6\/900\/24266457\/cix476.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]],"date-time":"2020-10-07T22:43:04Z","timestamp":1602110584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/65\/6\/900\/3837010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,20]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cix476","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/095232","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,20]]}}}