{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T01:15:25Z","timestamp":1773796525571,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Commission Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie","award":["642609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["642609"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19 AI704321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI704321"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by the Leishmania donovani complex, is a fatal, neglected tropical disease that is targeted for elimination in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Improved diagnostic tests are required for early case detection and for monitoring the outcomes of treatments. Previous investigations using Leishmania lysate antigen demonstrated that the immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 response is a potential indicator of a patient\u2019s clinical status after chemotherapy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>IgG1 or IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) with rK39 or lysate antigens and novel IgG1 rK39 rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) were assessed with Indian VL serum samples from the following clinical groups: paired pre- and postchemotherapy (deemed cured); relapsed; other infectious diseases; and endemic, healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>With paired pre- and post-treatment samples (n = 37 pairs), ELISAs with rK39- and IgG1-specific conjugates gave a far more discriminative decrease in post-treatment antibody responses when compared to IgG (P &lt; .0001). Novel IgG1 rK39 RDTs provided strong evidence for decreased IgG1 responses in patients who had successful treatment (P &lt; .0001). Furthermore, both IgG1 rK39 RDTs (n = 38) and ELISAs showed a highly significant difference in test outcomes between cured patients and those who relapsed (n = 23; P &lt; .0001). RDTs were more sensitive than corresponding ELISAs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We present strong evidence for the use of IgG1 in monitoring treatment outcomes in VL, and the first use of an IgG1-based RDT using the rK39 antigen for the discrimination of post-treatment cure versus relapse in VL. Such an RDT may have a significant role in monitoring patients and in targeted control and elimination of this devastating disease.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]],"date-time":"2018-12-07T15:15:20Z","timestamp":1544195720000},"page":"1130-1135","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Detection of Immunoglobulin G1 Against rK39 Improves Monitoring of Treatment Outcomes in Visceral Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Guy","family":"Mollett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno C","family":"Bremer Hinckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coris BioConcept, Gembloux"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3385-2536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tapan","family":"Bhattacharyya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tegwen","family":"Marlais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Om Prakash","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Mertens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coris BioConcept, Gembloux"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew K","family":"Falconar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sayda","family":"El-Safi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shyam","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael A","family":"Miles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019091313014706800_CIT0001","volume-title":"Control of the leishmaniases WHO technical report series 949","year":"2010"},{"key":"2019091313014706800_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"Alvar","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"2019091313014706800_CIT0003","first-page":"173","article-title":"The infection of Phlebotomus argentipes from dermal leishmanial lesions","volume":"21","author":"Napier","year":"1933","journal-title":"Ind J Med Res"},{"key":"2019091313014706800_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix245","article-title":"Infectivity of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis patients to sand flies: revisiting a proof of concept in the context of the kala-azar elimination program in the Indian subcontinent","volume":"65","author":"Molina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019091313014706800_CIT0005","volume-title":"Regional strategy framework for elimination of kala-azar from the south-east Asia region 2011\u20132015. 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