{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T11:55:05Z","timestamp":1785498905220,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]],"date-time":"2019-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1151153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1151153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1151153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1151153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI121378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI121378"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Contemporary incidence estimates of typhoid fever are needed to guide policy decisions and control measures and to improve future epidemiological studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We systematically reviewed 3 databases (Ovid Medline, PubMed, and Scopus) without restriction on age, country, language, or time for studies reporting the incidence of blood culture\u2013confirmed typhoid fever. Outbreak, travel-associated, and passive government surveillance reports were excluded. We performed a meta-analysis using a random-effects model to calculate estimates of pooled incidence, stratifying by studies that reported the incidence of typhoid fever and those that estimated incidence by using multipliers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty-three studies were included in the analysis. There were 26 study sites from 16 countries reporting typhoid cases from population-based incidence studies, and 17 sites in 9 countries used multipliers to account for underascertainment in sentinel surveillance data. We identified Africa and Asia as regions with studies showing high typhoid incidence while noting considerable variation of typhoid incidence in time and place, including in consecutive years at the same location. Overall, more recent studies reported lower typhoid incidence compared to years prior to 2000. We identified variation in the criteria for collecting a blood culture, and among multiplier studies we identified a lack of a standardization for the types of multipliers being used to estimate incidence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Typhoid fever incidence remains high at many sites. Additional and more accurate typhoid incidence studies are needed to support country decisions about typhoid conjugate vaccine adoption. Standardization of multiplier types applied in multiplier studies is recommended.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]],"date-time":"2018-12-18T20:13:56Z","timestamp":1545164036000},"page":"S105-S116","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Global Typhoid Fever Incidence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Christian S","family":"Marchello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Health, University of Otago, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuen Yen","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Health, University of Otago, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4529-102X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John A","family":"Crump","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Health, University of Otago, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020051411580040500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32203-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020051411580040500_CIT0002","first-page":"1789","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories","volume":"392","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020051411580040500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1907.25220500025002d","article-title":"The work of a chronic typhoid germ distributor","volume":"XLVIII","author":"Soper","year":"1907","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"2020051411580040500_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/7.4.489","article-title":"On the Mills-Reincke phenomenon and Hazen\u2019s theorem concerning the decrease in mortality from diseases other than typhoid fever following the purification of public water-supplies","volume":"7","author":"Sedgwick","year":"1910","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020051411580040500_CIT0005","volume-title":"Typhoid fever, its nature, mode of spreading and prevention","author":"Budd","year":"1873"},{"key":"2020051411580040500_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00105-18","article-title":"Emergence of an extensively drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi clone harboring a promiscuous plasmid encoding resistance to fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins","volume":"9","author":"Klemm","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2020051411580040500_CIT0007","volume-title":"Progress on drinking-water and sanitation: 2015 update and MDG assessment","year":"2015"},{"key":"2020051411580040500_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy846","article-title":"Progress in typhoid fever epidemiology","author":"Crump","year":"2019; 68( 2):4\u20139","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020051411580040500_CIT0009","first-page":"CD001261","article-title":"Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever","author":"Anwar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2020051411580040500_CIT0010","first-page":"214","article-title":"World Health Organization. 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