{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T01:08:22Z","timestamp":1787879302692,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]],"date-time":"2018-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DRF-2015-08-048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DRF-2015-08-048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust Strategic Translational Award","award":["092661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["092661"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1084259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1084259"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1126235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1126235"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1116967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1116967"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1151153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1151153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["106158\/Z\/14\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106158\/Z\/14\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Six Salmonella Typhi or Paratyphi human challenge studies were conducted, and daily stool cultures performed. Vi-containing vaccines reduced bacterial shedding, Ty21a or an experimental vaccine did not. Higher Vi immunoglobulin G titers were associated with reduced shedding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]],"date-time":"2018-08-07T07:11:44Z","timestamp":1533625904000},"page":"1265-1273","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The Impact of Vaccination and Prior Exposure on Stool Shedding of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi in 6 Controlled Human Infection Studies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Malick M","family":"Gibani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6324-6559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merryn","family":"Voysey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celina","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Thomaides-Brears","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Foundation Trust, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melita A","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre"},{"name":"Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Cerundolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia E","family":"Pitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Angus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service Foundation Trust, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myron M","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas C","family":"Darton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford"},{"name":"Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J","family":"Pollard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0001","first-page":"346","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid fever","volume":"82","author":"Crump","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1086\/649541","article-title":"Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid fever","volume":"50","author":"Crump","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10401","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.01.010401","article-title":"Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever: systematic review to estimate global morbidity and mortality for 2010","volume":"2","author":"Buckle","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e570","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70301-8","article-title":"Burden of typhoid fever in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic, literature-based update with risk-factor adjustment","volume":"2","author":"Mogasale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005376","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005376","article-title":"The burden of typhoid fever in low- and middle-income countries: a meta-regression approach","volume":"11","author":"Antill\u00f3n","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005547","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005547","article-title":"The impact of migration and antimicrobial resistance on the transmission dynamics of typhoid fever in Kathmandu, Nepal: a mathematical modelling study","volume":"11","author":"Saad","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2391","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002391","article-title":"Differential epidemiology of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A in Kathmandu, Nepal: a matched case control investigation in a highly endemic enteric fever setting","volume":"7","author":"Karkey","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0008","first-page":"477","article-title":"Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper\u2013March 2018","volume":"93","author":"WHO","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/136.6.717","article-title":"Evaluation of a UDP-glucose-4-epimeraseless mutant of Salmonella Typhi as a liver oral vaccine","volume":"136","author":"Gilman","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S552","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.Supplement_3.S552","article-title":"Progress in vaccines against typhoid fever","volume":"11","author":"Levine","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0807521","article-title":"A cluster-randomized effectiveness trial of Vi typhoid vaccine in India","volume":"361","author":"Sur","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.06.015","article-title":"Effectiveness of Vi capsular polysaccharide typhoid vaccine among children: a cluster randomized trial in Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"30","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32149-9","article-title":"Efficacy and immunogenicity of a Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in the prevention of typhoid fever using a controlled human infection model of Salmonella Typhi: a randomised controlled, phase 2b trial","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix042","article-title":"Evaluation of the clinical and microbiological response to Salmonella Paratyphi A infection in the first paratyphoid human challenge model","volume":"64","author":"Dobinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197010012831406","article-title":"Typhoid fever: pathogenesis and immunologic control. 2","volume":"283","author":"Hornick","year":"1970","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2642","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002642","article-title":"Predicting the impact of vaccination on the transmission dynamics of typhoid in South Asia: a mathematical modeling study","volume":"8","author":"Pitzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.04.013","article-title":"A review of typhoid fever transmission dynamic models and economic evaluations of vaccination","volume":"33","author":"Watson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu078","article-title":"An outpatient, ambulant-design, controlled human infection model using escalating doses of Salmonella Typhi challenge delivered in sodium bicarbonate solution","volume":"58","author":"Waddington","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004926","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004926","article-title":"Using a human challenge model of infection to measure vaccine efficacy: a randomised, controlled trial comparing the typhoid vaccines M01ZH09 with placebo and Ty21a","volume":"10","author":"Darton","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S227","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx163.474","article-title":"Investigating systemic immunity to typhoid and paratyphoid fever: characterising the response to re-challenge in a controlled human infection model","volume":"4","author":"Gibani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0021","author":"ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03067961"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007481","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-007481","article-title":"Understanding paratyphoid infection: study protocol for the development of a human model of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A challenge in healthy adult volunteers","volume":"5","author":"McCullagh","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12827","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12827","article-title":"An extended genotyping framework for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the cause of human typhoid","volume":"7","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0024","first-page":"1","article-title":"UK standards for microbiology investigations\u2013investigation of faecal specimens for enteric pathogens","volume":"B30","author":"Standards Unit, Microbiology Services PHE","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bacteriology"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2012.10.038","article-title":"A scalable method for O-antigen purification applied to various Salmonella serovars","volume":"434","author":"Micoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.08.001","article-title":"The Typhoid Vaccine Acceleration Consortium (TyVAC): vaccine effectiveness study designs: accelerating the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines and reducing the global burden of enteric fever. Report from a meeting held on 26\u201327 October 2016, Oxford, UK","volume":"35","author":"Meiring","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200104263441701","article-title":"The efficacy of a Salmonella Typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five-year-old children","volume":"344","author":"Lin","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ295","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a Vi polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (Typbar-TCV) in healthy infants, children, and adults in typhoid endemic areas: a multicenter, 2-cohort, open-label, double-blind, randomized controlled phase 3 study","volume":"61","author":"Mohan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1145","article-title":"Seroefficacy of Vi polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid typhoid conjugate vaccine (Typbar TCV)","volume":"67","author":"Voysey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0030","first-page":"667","article-title":"Studies of immunity in typhoid fever. Protection induced by killed oral antigens or by primary infection","volume":"44","author":"Dupont","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074097","article-title":"Stochastic simulation of endemic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi: the importance of long lasting immunity and the carrier state","volume":"8","author":"Saul","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22058","article-title":"High-avidity IgA protects the intestine by enchaining growing bacteria","volume":"544","author":"Moor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110008","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.110008","article-title":"Combined high-resolution genotyping and geospatial analysis reveals modes of endemic urban typhoid fever transmission","volume":"1","author":"Baker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Open Biol"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.21.2607","article-title":"Risk factors for typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Jakarta, Indonesia","volume":"291","author":"Vollaard","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.106","article-title":"Status of paratyphoid fever vaccine research and development","volume":"34","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3281","article-title":"Phylogeographical analysis of the dominant multidrug-resistant H58 clade of Salmonella Typhi identifies inter- and intracontinental transmission events","volume":"47","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2019121022374321700_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e016283","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016283","article-title":"The STRATAA study protocol: a programme to assess the burden of enteric fever in Bangladesh, Malawi and Nepal using prospective population census, passive surveillance, serological studies and healthcare utilisation surveys","volume":"7","author":"Darton","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/68\/8\/1265\/28272232\/ciy670.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/68\/8\/1265\/28272232\/ciy670.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]],"date-time":"2019-12-10T22:38:26Z","timestamp":1576017506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/68\/8\/1265\/5106547"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciy670","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]]}}}