{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:35:27Z","timestamp":1793046927905,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]],"date-time":"2018-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Convenient, safe, and effective treatments for visceral leishmaniasis in Eastern African children are lacking. Miltefosine, the only oral treatment, failed to achieve adequate efficacy, particularly in children, in whom linear dosing (2.5 mg\/kg\/day for 28 days) resulted in a 59% cure rate, with lower systemic exposure than in adults.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a Phase II trial in 30 children with visceral leishmaniasis, aged 4\u201312 years, to test whether 28 days of allometric miltefosine dosing safely achieves a higher systemic exposure than linear dosing.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Miltefosine accumulated during treatment. Median areas under the concentration time curve from days 0\u2013210 and plasma maximum concentration values were slightly higher than those reported previously for children on linear dosing, but not dose-proportionally. Miltefosine exposure at the start of treatment was increased, with higher median plasma concentrations on day 7 (5.88 versus 2.67 \u03bcg\/mL). Concentration-time curves were less variable, avoiding the low levels of exposure observed with linear dosing. The 210-day cure rate was 90% (95% confidence interval, 73\u201398%), similar to that previously described in adults. There were 19 treatment-related adverse events (AEs), but none caused treatment discontinuation. There were 2 serious AEs: both were unrelated to treatment and both patients were fully recovered.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Allometric miltefosine dosing achieved increased and less-variable exposure than linear dosing, though not reaching the expected exposure levels. The new dosing regimen safely increased the efficacy of miltefosine for Eastern African children with visceral leishmaniasis. Further development of miltefosine should adopt allometric dosing in pediatric patients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Clinical Trials Registration<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>NCT02431143.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]],"date-time":"2018-08-28T22:53:21Z","timestamp":1535496801000},"page":"1530-1538","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy of an Allometric Miltefosine Regimen for the Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Eastern African Children: An Open-label, Phase II Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Jane","family":"Mbui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Olobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Leishmaniasis Unit, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Omollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Solomos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke E","family":"Kip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital\/the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Kirigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Sagaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amudat Hospital, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Kimutai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian","family":"Were","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Truphosa","family":"Omollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thaddaeus W","family":"Egondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Wasunna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Alvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas P C","family":"Dorlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital\/the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024111411405050100_CIT0001","volume-title":"Fact sheet\u2013Leishmaniasis","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2024111411405050100_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"Alvar","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024111411405050100_CIT0003","author":"World Health Organization. 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