{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T18:59:04Z","timestamp":1793300344763,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]],"date-time":"2018-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Human and animal studies have demonstrated that helminth infections are associated with a decreased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, very little is known about their biochemical and immunological interactions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To assess the relationship between a soil-transmitted helminth, Strongyloides stercoralis (Ss), and T2DM, we examined analytes associated with glycemic control, metabolic processes, and T-cell\u2013driven inflammation at the time of Ss diagnosis and 6 months after definitive anthelmintic treatment. We measured plasma levels of hemoglobin A1c, glucose, insulin, glucagon, adipocytokines, and T-helper (TH) 1-, 2-, and 17- associated cytokines in patients with T2DM with (INF group) or without (UN group) Ss infection. In INF individuals, we again assessed the levels of these analytes 6 months following anthelmintic treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Compared to UN individuals, INF individuals exhibited significantly diminished levels of insulin and glucagon that increased significantly following therapy. Similarly, INF individuals exhibited significantly diminished levels of adiponectin and adipsin that reversed following therapy. INF individuals also exhibited significantly decreased levels of the TH1- and TH17- associated cytokines in comparison to UN individuals; again, anthelmintic therapy augmented these levels. As expected, INF individuals had elevated levels of TH2-associated and regulatory cytokines that normalized following definitive therapy. Multivariate analysis revealed that these changes were independent of age, sex, body mass index, and liver and renal function.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Strongyloides stercoralis infection is associated with a significant modulation of glycemic, hormonal, and cytokine parameters in T2DM and its reversal following anthelmintic therapy. Hence, Ss infection has a protective effect on diabetes-related parameters.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]],"date-time":"2018-11-05T08:37:14Z","timestamp":1541407034000},"page":"697-704","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Metabolic Consequences of Concomitant Strongyloides stercoralis Infection in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8143-5502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anuradha","family":"Rajamanickam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, International Center for Excellence in Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saravanan","family":"Munisankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, International Center for Excellence in Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukthi","family":"Bhootra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, International Center for Excellence in Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandrakumar","family":"Dolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kannan","family":"Thiruvengadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas B","family":"Nutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subash","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, International Center for Excellence in Research"},{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019080101003754900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6687.1549","article-title":"Passive smoking, salivary cotinine concentrations, and middle ear effusion in 7 year old children","volume":"298","author":"Strachan","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2019080101003754900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12353","article-title":"Helminths in the hygiene hypothesis: sooner or later","volume":"177","author":"Maizels","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2019080101003754900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1385\/CRIAI:26:1:15","article-title":"Parasites and the hygiene hypothesis: regulating the immune system","volume":"26","author":"Yazdanbakhsh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"2019080101003754900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.04.008","article-title":"A worm of one\u2019s own: how helminths modulate host adipose tissue function and metabolism","volume":"31","author":"Guigas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"2019080101003754900_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20042572","article-title":"Suppression of allergic airway inflammation by helminth-induced regulatory T cells","volume":"202","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2019080101003754900_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5347","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01170-08","article-title":"Helminth infection can reduce insulitis and type 1 diabetes through CD25- and IL-10-independent mechanisms","volume":"77","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2019080101003754900_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.08.014","article-title":"Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? 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