{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:00:07Z","timestamp":1791932407150,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,7]],"date-time":"2019-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research for the Virus Research and Diagnostics Laboratories","award":["5\/8\/7\/15\/2010\/"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5\/8\/7\/15\/2010\/"]}]},{"name":"Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research for the Virus Research and Diagnostics Laboratories","award":["VIR\/1\/2015\/ECD- I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VIR\/1\/2015\/ECD- I"]}]},{"name":"Burroughs Wellcome Career Award for Medical Scientists","award":["1013362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1013362"]}]},{"name":"Burroughs Wellcome Career Award for Medical Scientists","award":["AI119448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI119448"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nipah virus (NiV) is 1 of 10 potential causes of imminent public health emergencies of international concern. We investigated the NiV outbreak that occurred in May 2018 in Kerala, India. Here we describe the longitudinal characteristics of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to NiV infection during the acute and convalescent phases in 2 human survivors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serial blood samples were obtained from the only 2 survivors of the NiV outbreak in Kerala. We used flow cytometry to determine the absolute T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte counts and the phenotypes of both T and B cells. We also detected and quantitated the humoral immune response to NiV by virus-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Absolute numbers of T lymphocytes remained within normal limits throughout the period of illness studied in both survivors. However, a marked elevation of activated CD8 T cells was observed in both cases. More than 30% of total CD8 T cells expressed Ki67, indicating active proliferation. Proliferating (Ki-67+) CD8 T cells expressed high levels of granzyme B and PD-1, consistent with the profile of acute effector cells. Total B-lymphocyte, activated B-cell, and plasmablast counts were also elevated in NiV survivors. These individuals developed detectable NiV-specific IgM and IgG antibodies within a week of disease onset. Clearance of NiV RNA from blood preceded the appearance of virus-specific IgG and coincided with the peak of activated CD8 T cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We describe for the first time longitudinal kinetic data on the activation status of human B- and T-cell populations during acute NiV infection. While marked CD8 T-cell activation was observed with effector characteristics, activated CD4 T cells were less prominent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]],"date-time":"2019-01-04T07:16:39Z","timestamp":1546586199000},"page":"1752-1756","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Adaptive Immune Responses in Humans During Nipah Virus Acute and Convalescent Phases of Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Govindakarnavar","family":"Arunkumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santhosha","family":"Devadiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita K","family":"McElroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh","family":"Prabhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahin","family":"Sheik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jazeel","family":"Abdulmajeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudandiradas","family":"Robin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aswathyraj","family":"Sushama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anup","family":"Jayaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudheesh","family":"Nittur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Shakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keeriyatt Govindan Sajeeth","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandni","family":"Radhakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karayil","family":"Sakeena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Health Services, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayasree","family":"Vasudevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Health Services, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalathil Joseph","family":"Reena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Health Services, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ragini Lohithakshan","family":"Sarita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Health Services, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D","family":"Klena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina F","family":"Spiropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayla F","family":"Laserson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart T","family":"Nichol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019103013401082000_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24345","article-title":"Origin and evolution of Nipah virus","volume":"88","author":"Lo Presti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med 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