{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:10:50Z","timestamp":1790885450700,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 GM099538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 GM099538"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI123394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI123394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HD092414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD092414"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1161117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1161117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prophylactic cotrimoxazole treatment is recommended in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\u2013exposed, uninfected (HEU) infants, but the effects of this treatment on developing HEU infant gut microbiotas and resistomes are largely undefined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed whole-metagenome sequencing data from 163 longitudinally collected stool samples from 63 HEU infants randomized to receive (n\u2005=\u200534; CTX-T) or to not receive (n\u2005=\u200529; CTX-N) prophylactic cotrimoxazole treatment. We generated taxonomic, functional pathway, and resistance gene profiles for each sample and compared microbiome signatures between the CTX-T and CTX-N infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metagenomic analysis did not reveal significant differences in taxonomic or functional pathway \u03b1-diversity between CTX-T and CTX-N infants. In contrast, resistance gene prevalence (P\u2005=\u2005.00719) and \u03b1-diversity (P\u2005=\u2005.0045) increased in CTX-T infants. These differences increased over time for both resistance gene prevalence measured by log-normalized abundance (4-month mean, 0.71 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .2\u20131.2] and 6-month mean, 0.85 [95% CI, .1\u20131.7]) and \u03b1-diversity (P\u2005=\u2005.0045). Unlike \u03b1-diversity, interindividual gut microbiome taxonomic (mean, \u22120.11 [95% CI, \u2212.15 to \u2212.077]), functional taxonomic (mean, \u22120.050 [95% CI, \u2212.084 to \u2212.017]), and resistance gene (mean, \u22120.13 [95% CI, \u2212.17 to \u2212.099]) \u03b2-diversity decreased in CTX-T infants compared with CTX-N infants. These results are consistent with persistent antibiotic selection pressure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in HEU infants decreased gut microbiome \u03b2-diversity and increased antibiotic resistance gene \u03b1-diversity and prevalence. Antibiotic resistance is a growing threat, especially in low- and middle-income countries where the higher perinatal HIV exposure rates result in cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. Understanding effects from current HEU infant antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines will inform guideline revisions and efforts to reduce increasing antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,11]],"date-time":"2019-12-11T15:10:42Z","timestamp":1576077042000},"page":"2858-2868","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis Increases Resistance Gene Prevalence and \u03b1-Diversity but Decreases \u03b2-Diversity in the Gut Microbiome of Human Immunodeficiency Virus\u2013Exposed, Uninfected Infants"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8744-8136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alaric W","family":"D\u2019Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eshia","family":"Moodley-Govender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertram","family":"Berla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tejas","family":"Kelkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brodie","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"},{"name":"HIV Preventin Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Coutsoudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indi","family":"Trehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Preventin Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0455-8370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gautam","family":"Dantas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, 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