{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T08:03:53Z","timestamp":1793347433246,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009210","name":"Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009210","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Antibodies that inhibit hemagglutination have long been considered a correlate of protection against influenza, but these antibodies are only a subset of potentially protective antibodies. Neutralizing and neuraminidase antibodies may also contribute to protection, but data on their associations with protection are limited.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We measured preoutbreak hemagglutinin pseudovirus neutralization (PVN) and neuraminidase inhibition (NAI) antibody titers in unvaccinated military recruits who experienced an H3N2 influenza outbreak during training. We conducted a case-control study to investigate the association between titers and protection against influenza illness or H3N2-associated pneumonia using logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>With every 2-fold increase in PVN titer, the odds of medically attended polymerase chain reaction\u2013confirmed H3N2 infection (H3N2+) decreased by 41% (odds ratio [OR], 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], .45 to .77; P &amp;lt; .001). Among those who were H3N2+, the odds for pneumonia decreased by 52% (OR, 0.48; CI, .25 to .91; P = .0249). With every 2-fold increase in NAI titer, the odds of medically attended H3N2 infection decreased by 32% (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, .53 to .87; P = .0028), but there was no association between NAI titers and H3N2-associated pneumonia. There was also no synergistic effect of PVN and NAI antibodies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>PVN and NAI titers were independently associated with reduced risk of influenza illness. NAI titers associated with protection had greater breadth of reactivity to drifted strains than PVN titers. These findings show that PVN and NAI titers are valuable biomarkers for assessing the odds of influenza infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T20:10:45Z","timestamp":1576267845000},"page":"3096-3102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Neutralizing and Neuraminidase Antibodies Correlate With Protection Against Influenza During a Late Season A\/H3N2 Outbreak Among Unvaccinated Military Recruits"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9965-1289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol D","family":"Weiss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monisha","family":"Billings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelia","family":"Eick-Cost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch, Defense Health Agency, Department of Defense, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Couzens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose L","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch, Defense Health Agency, Department of Defense, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony W","family":"Hawksworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operational Infectious Diseases, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Seguin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"III Marine Expeditionary Force, Okinawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher A","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch, Defense Health Agency, Department of Defense, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Forshee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryna C","family":"Eichelberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch, Defense Health Agency, Department of Defense, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021012201543519000_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0503.990308","article-title":"Respiratory diseases among U.S. military personnel: countering emerging threats","volume":"5","author":"Gray","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021012201543519000_CIT0002","article-title":"Chapter 13: Respiratory infections in military recruits.","volume-title":"Recruit 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