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HHCs underwent symptom screenings, chest radiographies, sputum TB bacteriologies, TB infection (TBI) testing (tuberculin skin test [TST] and interferon gamma release assay [IGRA]), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From October 2015 to April 2016, 1016 HHCs from 284 MDR-TB cases were enrolled. At diagnosis, 69% of MDR-TB cases were positive for acid-fast bacilli sputum smears and 43% had cavitary disease; at study entry, 35% remained smear positive after a median MDR-TB treatment duration of 8.8 weeks. There were 9 HHCs that were diagnosed with TB prior to entry and excluded. Of the remaining 1007 HHCs, 41% were male and the median age was 25 years. There were 121 (12%) HHCs that had new cases of TB identified: 17 (2%) were confirmed, 33 (3%) probable, and 71 (7%) possible TB cases. The TBI prevalence (defined as either TST or IGRA positivity) was 72% and varied by age, test used, and country. Of 1007 HHCs, 775 (77%) were considered high-risk per these mutually exclusive groups: 102 (10%) were aged &amp;lt;5 years; 63 (6%) were aged \u22655 and were infected with HIV; and 610 (61%) were aged \u22655 years, were negative for HIV or had an unknown HIV status, and were TBI positive. Only 21 (2%) HHCs were on preventive therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The majority of HHCs in these high-burden countries were at high risk of TB disease and infection, yet few were receiving routine preventive therapy. Trials of novel, preventive therapies are urgently needed to inform treatment policy and practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,26]],"date-time":"2019-03-26T09:24:01Z","timestamp":1553592241000},"page":"425-435","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Feasibility of Identifying Household Contacts of Rifampin-and Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis Cases at High Risk of Progression to Tuberculosis Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7036-2718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amita","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Swindells","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Frontier Science & Technology Research Foundation, Amherst, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D","family":"Hughes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Naini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social & Scientific Systems, Silver Spring, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingye","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodney","family":"Dawson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Town Lung Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidya","family":"Mave","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n Civil Impacta Salud y Educaci\u00f3n, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TASK Applied Science Clinical Research Site, 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