{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T07:47:53Z","timestamp":1791964073865,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AIDSfonds","award":["2015009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A cross-sectional analysis of the Neurological, cOgnitive and VIsual performance in hiv-infected Children cohort showed significant cognitive impairment in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)-treated, perinatally human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adolescents (PHIV+) compared to age-, sex-, ethnicity- and socioeconomic status (SES)-matched HIV-negative controls (HIV\u2212). In this longitudinal study, we compared cognitive development in the same adolescents over time.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We repeated the standardized cognitive test battery after a mean of 4.6 years (standard deviation 0.3). In participants who completed both assessments, we compared cognitive trajectories between groups in the domains of intelligence quotient (IQ), processing speed, working memory, executive functioning, learning ability, and visual-motor function, using linear mixed models. We explored associations with disease- and treatment-related factors and used multivariate normative comparison (MNC) to determine the prevalence of cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There were 21 PHIV+ and 23 HIV\u2212 participants that completed 2 assessments and were similar concerning age, sex, ethnicity, and SES. Compared to HIV\u2212 participants, in PHIV+ participants the IQ score increased significantly more over time (group*time 6.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5\u201310.50; P = .012), whereas executive functioning decreased significantly more (group*time \u22121.43 z score, 95% CI \u22122.12 to \u22120.75; P &amp;lt; .001), resulting in the disappearance and appearance of significant differences. Processing speed, working memory, learning ability, and visual-motor function trajectories were not statistically different between groups. Univariately, those who had started cART at an older age deviated more in executive functioning (\u22120.13 z score, 95% CI \u22120.24 to \u22120.02; P = .043). The prevalence of cognitive impairments by MNC was similar in both groups, at both time points.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The cART-treated PHIV+ adolescents appeared to have similar global cognitive development, compared to their healthy peers. Executive functioning trajectory appears to deviate, potentially explained by earlier brain damage.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T19:14:10Z","timestamp":1558120450000},"page":"1364-1371","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Neurocognitive Development in Perinatally Human Immunodeficiency Virus\u2013infected Adolescents on Long-term Treatment, Compared to Healthy Matched Controls: A Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Malon","family":"Van den Hof","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Marleen","family":"ter Haar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henriette J","family":"Scherpbier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna H","family":"van der Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinical Research Office, Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Reiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Amsterdam and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, University of Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Human Immunodeficiency Virus Monitoring Foundation, University of Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinand W N M","family":"Wit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Amsterdam and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, University of Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Human Immunodeficiency Virus Monitoring Foundation, University of Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim J","family":"Oostrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, Psychosocial Department, University of Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dasja","family":"Pajkrt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024111411411237000_CIT0001","volume-title":"Neurodevelopmental delay in pediatric HIV\/AIDS: current perspectives","author":"Blokhuis"},{"key":"2024111411411237000_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70308-7","article-title":"Encephalopathy and progression of human immunodeficiency virus disease in a cohort of children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection. 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