{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:53:32Z","timestamp":1791294812227,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]],"date-time":"2019-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1034556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1034556"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wellcome UK","award":["084679\/Z\/08\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["084679\/Z\/08\/Z"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"UK Department for International Development"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/N023129\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N023129\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000867","name":"Commonwealth Scholarship Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have reduced pneumococcal diseases globally. Pneumococcal genomic surveys elucidate PCV effects on population structure but are rarely conducted in low-income settings despite the high disease burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We undertook whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 660 pneumococcal isolates collected through surveys from healthy carriers 2 years from 13-valent PCV (PCV13) introduction and 1 year after rollout in northern Malawi. We investigated changes in population structure, within-lineage serotype dynamics, serotype diversity, and frequency of antibiotic resistance (ABR) and accessory genes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In children &amp;lt;5 years of age, frequency and diversity of vaccine serotypes (VTs) decreased significantly post-PCV, but no significant changes occurred in persons \u22655 years of age. Clearance of VT serotypes was consistent across different genetic backgrounds (lineages). There was an increase of nonvaccine serotypes (NVTs)\u2014namely 7C, 15B\/C, and 23A\u2014in children &amp;lt;5 years of age, but 28F increased in both age groups. While carriage rates have been recently shown to remain stable post-PCV due to replacement serotypes, there was no change in diversity of NVTs. Additionally, frequency of intermediate-penicillin-resistant lineages decreased post-PCV. Although frequency of ABR genes remained stable, other accessory genes, especially those associated with mobile genetic element and bacteriocins, showed changes in frequency post-PCV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We demonstrate evidence of significant population restructuring post-PCV driven by decreasing frequency of vaccine serotypes and increasing frequency of few NVTs mainly in children under 5. Continued surveillance with WGS remains crucial to fully understand dynamics of the residual VTs and replacement NVT serotypes post-PCV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]],"date-time":"2019-05-15T15:18:03Z","timestamp":1557933483000},"page":"1294-1303","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Early Signals of Vaccine-driven Perturbation Seen in Pneumococcal Carriage Population Genomic Data"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2108-1757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chrispin","family":"Chaguza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, United 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Research Programme, Blantyre"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7780-2173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Musicha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre"},{"name":"Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naor","family":"Bar-Zeev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research 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Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert F","family":"Breiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S","family":"Heyderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre"},{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, 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