{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T23:52:11Z","timestamp":1792540331207,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,5]],"date-time":"2019-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"WHO","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Historically, Nigeria has experienced large bacterial meningitis outbreaks with high mortality in children. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), and Haemophilus influenzae are major causes of this invasive disease. In collaboration with the World Health Organization, we conducted longitudinal surveillance in sentinel hospitals within Nigeria to establish the burden of pediatric bacterial meningitis (PBM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 2010 to 2016, cerebrospinal fluid was collected from children &amp;lt;5 years of age, admitted to 5 sentinel hospitals in 5 Nigerian states. Microbiological and latex agglutination techniques were performed to detect the presence of pneumococcus, meningococcus, and H. influenzae. Species-specific polymerase chain reaction and serotyping\/grouping were conducted to determine specific causative agents of PBM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 5134 children with suspected meningitis were enrolled at the participating hospitals; of these 153 (2.9%) were confirmed PBM cases. The mortality rate for those infected was 15.0% (23\/153). The dominant pathogen was pneumococcus (46.4%: 71\/153) followed by meningococcus (34.6%: 53\/153) and H. influenzae (19.0%: 29\/153). Nearly half the pneumococcal meningitis cases successfully serotyped (46.4%: 13\/28) were caused by serotypes that are included in the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. The most prevalent meningococcal and H. influenzae strains were serogroup W and serotype b, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaccine-type bacterial meningitis continues to be common among children &amp;lt;5 years in Nigeria. Challenges with vaccine introduction and coverage may explain some of these finding. Continued surveillance is needed to determine the distribution of serotypes\/groups of meningeal pathogens across Nigeria and help inform and sustain vaccination policies in the country.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]],"date-time":"2019-06-04T07:40:15Z","timestamp":1559634015000},"page":"S81-S88","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Pediatric Bacterial Meningitis Surveillance in Nigeria From 2010 to 2016, Prior to and During the Phased Introduction of the 10-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Beckie N","family":"Tagbo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Child Health, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rowan E","family":"Bancroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for New Vaccines Surveillance, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iretiola","family":"Fajolu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Lagos University Teaching Hospital"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Lagos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed B","family":"Abdulkadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad F","family":"Bashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olusola P","family":"Okunola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayodeji H","family":"Isiaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Country office, Abuja"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namadi M","family":"Lawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control and Immunization, National Primary Health Care Development Agency, Abuja"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedict O","family":"Edelu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ngozi","family":"Onyejiaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinonyerem J","family":"Ihuoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Ndu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mother of Christ Specialist Hospital Enugu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uchenna C","family":"Ozumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Udeinya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Folasade","family":"Ogunsola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aishat O","family":"Saka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abayomi","family":"Fadeyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Kwara"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunday A","family":"Aderibigbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Kwara"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimoh","family":"Abdulraheem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Kwara"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adamu G","family":"Yusuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Department, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Sylvanus Ndow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for New Vaccines Surveillance, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philomena","family":"Ogbogu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinomnso","family":"Kanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Velly","family":"Emina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health and Primary Care, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olajumoke J","family":"Makinwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Gehre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kabir","family":"Yusuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control and Immunization, National Primary Health Care Development Agency, Abuja"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Braka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO, Nigeria EPI Cluster Lead"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason M","family":"Mwenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Regional Office for Africa WHO\/AFRO, Republic of Congo, 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A","family":"Kwambana-Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for New Vaccines Surveillance, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Antonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for New Vaccines Surveillance, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul"},{"name":"Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019121906572385400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00070-09","article-title":"Epidemiology, diagnosis, and antimicrobial 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