{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T19:30:28Z","timestamp":1791747028520,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,5]],"date-time":"2019-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"WHO\/AFRO"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012891","name":"MRCG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012891","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bacterial meningitis remains a major disease affecting children in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. Thus, with support from the World Health Organization (WHO), C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire has implemented pediatric bacterial meningitis (PBM) surveillance at 2 sentinel hospitals in Abidjan, targeting the main causes of PBM: Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus). Herein we describe the epidemiological characteristics of PBM observed in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire during 2010\u20132016.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected from children aged &lt;5 years admitted to the Abobo General Hospital or University Hospital Center Yopougon with suspected meningitis. Microbiology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were used to detect the presence of pathogens in CSF. Where possible, serotyping\/grouping was performed to determine the specific causative agents.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overall, 2762 cases of suspected meningitis were reported, with CSF from 39.2% (1083\/2762) of patients analyzed at the WHO regional reference laboratory in The Gambia. In total, 82 (3.0% [82\/2762]) CSF samples were positive for bacterial meningitis. Pneumococcus was the main pathogen responsible for PBM, accounting for 69.5% (52\/82) of positive cases. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine serotypes 5, 18C, 19F, and 6A\/B were identified post\u2013vaccine introduction. Emergence of H. influenzae nontypeable meningitis was observed after H. influenzae type b vaccine introduction.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite widespread use and high coverage of conjugate vaccines, pneumococcal vaccine serotypes and H. influenzae type b remain associated with bacterial meningitis among children aged &lt;5 years in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. This reinforces the need for enhanced surveillance for vaccine-preventable diseases to determine the prevalence of bacterial meningitis and vaccine impact across the country.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]],"date-time":"2019-06-03T15:11:09Z","timestamp":1559574669000},"page":"S114-S120","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Etiology of Bacterial Meningitis Among Children &lt;5 Years Old in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: Findings of Hospital-based Surveillance Before and After Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Catherine","family":"Boni-Cisse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt Boigny, Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire;, UFR des Sciences M\u00e9dicales"},{"name":"Sentinel Site Surveillance Laboratory of Paediatric Bacterial Meningitis and Rotavirus Diarrhoea, Centre Hospitalier Universitair de Yopougon, Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheikh","family":"Jarju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for New Vaccines Surveillance, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rowan E","family":"Bancroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for New Vaccines Surveillance, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicaise A","family":"Lepri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt Boigny, Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire;, UFR des Sciences M\u00e9dicales"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamidou","family":"Kone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt Boigny, Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire;, UFR des Sciences M\u00e9dicales"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u2019zue","family":"Kofi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Country Office, Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Britoh-Mlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sentinel Site Surveillance Laboratory of Paediatric Bacterial Meningitis and Rotavirus Diarrhoea, Centre Hospitalier Universitair de Yopougon, Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flore Sandrine","family":"Zaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sentinel Site Surveillance Laboratory of Paediatric Bacterial Meningitis and Rotavirus Diarrhoea, Centre Hospitalier Universitair de Yopougon, Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Effua","family":"Usuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for New Vaccines Surveillance, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Sylvanus","family":"Ndow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for New Vaccines Surveillance, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Archibald","family":"Worwui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for New Vaccines Surveillance, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason M","family":"Mwenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph N","family":"Biey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Intercountry Support Team, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Ntsama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Intercountry Support Team, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda A","family":"Kwambana-Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for New Vaccines Surveillance, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Antonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for New Vaccines Surveillance, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia"},{"name":"Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019092600313988300_CIT0001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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Available at: http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/monitoring_surveillance\/burden\/laboratory\/IBVPD\/en\/. Accessed 24 October 2017."},{"key":"2019092600313988300_CIT0006","author":"Central Intelligence Agency"},{"key":"2019092600313988300_CIT0007","author":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS"},{"key":"2019092600313988300_CIT0008","first-page":"170","article-title":"Epidemiology of paediatric meningitis in central C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire after the implementation of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination","volume":"40","author":"Tour\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Microbiol"},{"key":"2019092600313988300_CIT0009","unstructured":"Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. Peace, progress and public health: C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire on the road to recovery. Available at: http:\/\/www.gavi.org\/library\/news\/gavi-features\/2016\/peace-progress-and-public-health-cote-d-ivoire-on-the-road-to-recovery\/. Accessed 24 October 2017."},{"key":"2019092600313988300_CIT0010","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2019092600313988300_CIT0011","author":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund"},{"key":"2019092600313988300_CIT0012","unstructured":"Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. Meningitis A nearly eliminated in Africa through vaccination. Available at: http:\/\/www.gavi.org\/library\/news\/gavi-features\/2016\/meningitis-a-nearly-eliminated-in-africa-through-vaccination\/. Accessed 24 October 2017."},{"key":"2019092600313988300_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6541a3","article-title":"Status of new vaccine introduction\u2014worldwide, September 2016","volume":"65","author":"Loharikar","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2019092600313988300_CIT0014","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Standard operating procedures for enhanced meningitis surveillance in Africa\u2014August, 2009. 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Guidance on regulations for the transport of infectious substances 2015\u20132016. Available at: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/149288\/1\/WHO_HSE_GCR_2015.2_eng.pdf. Accessed 24 October 2017."},{"key":"2019092600313988300_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1914-3","article-title":"An outbreak of pneumococcal meningitis among older children (\u22655 years) and adults after the implementation of an infant vaccination programme with the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Ghana","volume":"16","author":"Kwambana-Adams","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019092600313988300_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1086\/426436","article-title":"Bacterial meningitis in Burkina Faso: surveillance using field-based polymerase chain reaction testing","volume":"40","author":"Parent du Chatelet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019092600313988300_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.1.124-131.2006","article-title":"Sequential multiplex PCR approach for determining capsular serotypes of 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surveillance in Fiji","volume":"6","author":"Dunne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious 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