{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T14:22:42Z","timestamp":1782742962106,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]],"date-time":"2019-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We combine methodology from history and genetics to reconstruct the biosocial history of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi). We show how evolutionary divergence in S. Typhi was driven by rising global antibiotic use and by the neglect of typhoid outside of high-income countries. Although high-income countries pioneered 1960s precautionary antibiotic regulations to prevent selection for multidrug resistance, new antibiotic classes, typhoid\u2019s cultural status as a supposedly ancient disease of \u201cundeveloped\u201d countries, limited international funding, and narrow biosecurity agendas helped fragment effective global collective action for typhoid control. Antibiotic-intensive compensation for weak water and healthcare systems subsequently fueled AMR selection in low- and middle-income countries but often remained invisible due to lacking surveillance capabilities. The recent rise of extensively drug-resistant typhoid bears the biosocial footprint of more than half a century of antibiotic-intensive international neglect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]],"date-time":"2019-06-27T11:09:08Z","timestamp":1561633748000},"page":"S388-S394","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A Biohistorical Perspective of Typhoid and Antimicrobial Resistance"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Claas","family":"Kirchhelle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine\/Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoe Anne","family":"Dyson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Dougan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019121022402946400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316686942.020","article-title":"The globalisation of disease.","volume-title":"Human dispersal and species movement","author":"Green","year":"2017"},{"key":"2019121022402946400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar3777","article-title":"Genomic insights into the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial 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