{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T05:57:47Z","timestamp":1785391067571,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health","award":["K23HD088295-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23HD088295-01A1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21DK118757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21DK118757"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PHIVs) face a lifelong cumulative exposure to HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART). The relationship between gut integrity, microbial translocation, and inflammation in PHIV is poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a cross-sectional study in 57 PHIVs, 59 HIV-exposed but uninfected children, and 56 HIV-unexposed and -uninfected children aged 2\u201310 years old in Uganda. PHIVs were on stable ART with HIV-1 RNA &amp;lt;400 copies\/mL. We measured markers of systemic inflammation, monocyte activation, and gut integrity. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare markers by group and the Spearman correlation was used to assess correlations between biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean age of all participants was 7 years and 55% were girls. Among PHIVs, the mean CD4 % was 34%, 93% had a viral load \u226420 copies\/mL, and 79% were on a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor regimen. Soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), beta-D-glucan (BDG), and zonulin were higher in the PHIV group (P \u2264 .01). Intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) did not differ between groups (P &amp;gt; .05). Among PHIVs who were breastfed, levels of sCD163 and interleukin 6 (IL6) were higher than levels in PHIV who were not breastfed (P &amp;lt; .05). Additionally, in PHIVs with a history of breastfeeding, sCD14, BDG, LBP, zonulin, and I-FABP correlated with several markers of systemic inflammation, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL6, d-dimer, and systemic tumor necrosis factor receptors I and II (P \u2264 .05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite viral suppression, PHIVs have evidence of altered gut permeability and fungal translocation. Intestinal damage and the resultant bacterial and fungal translocations in PHIVs may play a role in the persistent inflammation that leads to many end-organ diseases in adults.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Despite viral suppression, children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Uganda have evidence of alterations in intestinal permeability and fungal translocation, compared to HIV-exposed but uninfected and HIV-unexposed children, which may play a role in HIV-associated chronic inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,29]],"date-time":"2019-06-29T07:08:03Z","timestamp":1561792083000},"page":"2413-2422","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Altered Intestinal Permeability and Fungal Translocation in Ugandan Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Sahera","family":"Dirajlal-Fargo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Columbus"},{"name":"Rainbow Babies and Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus"},{"name":"Case Western Reserve University, Columbus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"El-Kamari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University, Columbus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukasz","family":"Weiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rainbow Babies and Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingpeng","family":"Shan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University, Columbus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdus","family":"Sattar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University, Columbus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjusha","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio State University School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Columbus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Funderburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio State University School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Columbus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashidah","family":"Nazzinda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Karungi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cissy","family":"Kityo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Musiime","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace A","family":"McComsey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Columbus"},{"name":"Rainbow Babies and Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus"},{"name":"Case Western Reserve University, Columbus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020052309495202800_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328354f4fb","article-title":"Inflammation markers after randomization to abacavir\/lamivudine or tenofovir\/emtricitabine with efavirenz or atazanavir\/ritonavir","volume":"26","author":"McComsey","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2020052309495202800_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000019","article-title":"Markers of coagulation and inflammation often remain elevated in ART-treated HIV-infected patients","volume":"9","author":"Funderburg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"2020052309495202800_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1086\/652749","article-title":"Markers of inflammation, coagulation, and renal function are elevated in adults with HIV infection","volume":"201","author":"Neuhaus","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020052309495202800_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2011.00970.x","article-title":"Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus\/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Cohort Study (PHACS). 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