{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T23:42:33Z","timestamp":1768520553390,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]],"date-time":"2019-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Miller Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MR\/P022081\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P022081\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Research Council Starting","award":["757699"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["757699"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1142638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1142638"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The risk of progression to tuberculosis (TB) disease is greatest soon after infection, yet disease may occur many years or decades later. However, rates of TB reactivation long after infection remain poorly quantified. Australia has a low incidence of TB and most cases occur among migrants. We explored how TB rates in Australian migrants varied with time from migration, age, and gender.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We combined TB notifications in census years 2006, 2011, and 2016 with time- and country-specific estimates of latent TB prevalences in migrant cohorts to quantify postmigration reactivation rates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the census years, 3246 TB cases occurred among an estimated 2 084 000 migrants with latent TB. There were consistent trends in postmigration reactivation rates, which appeared to be dependent on both time from migration and age. Rates were lower in cohorts with increasing time, until at least 20 years from migration, and on this background there also appeared to be increasing rates during youth (15\u201324 years of age) and in those aged 70 years and above. Within 5 years of migration, annual reactivation rates were approximately 400 per 100 000 (uncertainty interval [UI] 320\u2013480), dropping to 170 (UI 130\u2013220) from 5 to 10 years and 110 (UI 70\u2013160) from 10 to 20 years, then sustaining at 60\u201370 per 100 000 up to 60 years from migration. Rates varied depending on age at migration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Postmigration reactivation rates appeared to show dependency on both time from migration and age. This approach to quantifying reactivation risks will enable evaluations of the potential impacts of TB control and elimination strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]],"date-time":"2019-06-26T11:16:32Z","timestamp":1561547792000},"page":"2111-2118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Estimating Long-term Tuberculosis Reactivation Rates in Australian Migrants"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0655-1685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie D","family":"Dale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Tuberculosis Program, Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James M","family":"Trauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Tuberculosis Program, Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter J","family":"Dodd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rein M G J","family":"Houben","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuberculosis Modelling Group, Tuberculosis Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin T","family":"Denholm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Tuberculosis Program, Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020050606274911700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1086\/338342","article-title":"Molecular evidence of endogenous reactivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 33 years of latent infection","volume":"185","author":"Lillebaek","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020050606274911700_CIT0002","volume-title":"Management, control and prevention of tuberculosis guidelines for health care providers","author":"Department of Health & Human Services","year":"2015"},{"key":"2020050606274911700_CIT0003","first-page":"E578","article-title":"Treatment of latent tuberculosis in migrants to Victoria","volume":"39","author":"Flynn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Commun Dis Intell Q 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