{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:22:00Z","timestamp":1788909720442,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]],"date-time":"2019-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1116967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1116967"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1151153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1151153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["106158\/Z\/14\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106158\/Z\/14\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>While typhoid fever remains an important cause of illness in many low- and middle-income countries, important insights can be learned by exploring the historical experience with typhoid fever in industrialized countries. We used archival research to examine British and American attempts to control typhoid via sanitary interventions from the 1840s to 1940s. First, we assess how varying perceptions of typhoid and conflicts of interest led to a nonlinear evolution of control attempts in Oxford, United Kingdom. Our qualitative analysis shows how professional rivalries and tensions between Oxford\u2019s university and citizens (\u201cgown and town\u201d), as well as competing theories of typhoid proliferation stalled sanitary reform until the provision of cheap external credit created cross-party alliances at the municipal level. Second, we use historical mortality data to evaluate and quantify the impact of individual sanitary measures on typhoid transmission in major US cities. Together a historiographic and epidemiological study of past interventions provides insights for the planning of future sanitary programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]],"date-time":"2019-08-05T15:10:53Z","timestamp":1565017853000},"page":"S377-S384","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Water and Filth: Reevaluating the First Era of Sanitary Typhoid Intervention (1840\u20131940)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Samantha","family":"Vanderslott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group\/Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maile T","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia E","family":"Pitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claas","family":"Kirchhelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine\/Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019121022403021500_CIT0001","volume-title":"The evolution and significance of the modern public health campaign","author":"Winslow","year":"1923"},{"key":"2019121022403021500_CIT0002","first-page":"368","article-title":"Gerhard\u2019s distinction between typhoid and typhus and its reception in America, 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Spring Valley Water Company: historical essay. Available at: http:\/\/www.foundsf.org\/index.php?title=Spring_Valley_Water_Company. Accessed 6 April 2019."},{"key":"2019121022403021500_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2642","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002642","article-title":"Predicting the impact of vaccination on the transmission dynamics of typhoid in South Asia: a mathematical modeling study","volume":"8","author":"Pitzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2019121022403021500_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2018.41","article-title":"Health planning in 1960s Africa: international health organisations and the post-colonial state","volume":"62","author":"Manton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Hist"},{"key":"2019121022403021500_CIT0058","volume-title":"Public funding for sanitation-the many faces of sanitation subsidies. Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council","author":"Evans","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/69\/Supplement_5\/S377\/30325999\/ciz610.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/69\/Supplement_5\/S377\/30325999\/ciz610.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]],"date-time":"2019-12-10T22:48:18Z","timestamp":1576018098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/69\/Supplement_5\/S377\/5587098"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciz610","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]}}}