{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T09:07:55Z","timestamp":1740128875165,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates\n              Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1127988","OPP1201031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1127988","OPP1201031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The World Health Organization now recommends the use of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) in typhoid-endemic countries, and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, added TCVs into the portfolio of subsidized vaccines. Data from the Severe Typhoid Fever in Africa (SETA) program were used to contribute to TCV introduction decision-making processes, exemplified for Ghana and Madagascar.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data collected from both countries were evaluated, and barriers to and benefits of introduction scenarios are discussed. No standardized methodological framework was applied.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Ghanaian healthcare system differs from its Malagasy counterpart: Ghana features a functioning insurance system, antimicrobials are available nationwide, and several sites in Ghana deploy blood culture\u2013based typhoid diagnosis. A higher incidence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella Typhi is reported in Ghana, which has not been identified as an issue in Madagascar. The Malagasy people have a low expectation of provided healthcare and experience frequent unavailability of medicines, resulting in limited healthcare-seeking behavior and extended consequences of untreated disease.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>For Ghana, high typhoid fever incidence coupled with spatiotemporal heterogeneity was observed. A phased TCV introduction through an initial mass campaign in high-risk areas followed by inclusion into routine national immunizations prior to expansion to other areas of the country can be considered. For Madagascar, a national mass campaign followed by routine introduction would be the introduction scenario of choice as it would protect the population, reduce transmission, and prevent an often-deadly disease in a setting characterized by lack of access to healthcare infrastructure. New, easy-to-use diagnostic tools, potentially including environmental surveillance, should be explored and improved to facilitate identification of high-risk areas.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T03:24:46Z","timestamp":1568085886000},"page":"S417-S421","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["How Can the Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa and the Severe Typhoid Fever\n          in Africa Programs Contribute to the Introduction of Typhoid Conjugate\n          Vaccines?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2344-4574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyon Jin","family":"Jeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge , United Kingdom"},{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, Seoul , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, Seoul , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Haselbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, Seoul , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Holm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, Seoul , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rapha\u00ebl","family":"Rakotozandrindrainy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Antananarivo , Madagascar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdramane Soura","family":"Bassiahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur des Sciences de la Population, Universit\u00e9 Ouaga II , Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Panzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, Seoul , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5133-3735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ondari D","family":"Mogeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, Seoul , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hye Jin","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, Seoul , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Octavie","family":"Lunguya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale , Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine , Antwerp"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iruka N","family":"Okeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan , Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mekonnen","family":"Terferi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute , ALERT Campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellis","family":"Owusu-Dabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology , Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Dougan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Carey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A Duncan","family":"Steele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerome H","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, Seoul , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John D","family":"Clemens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"icddr,b , Dhaka, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Fielding School of Public Health, University of California , Los Angeles"},{"name":"Korea University School of Medicine , Seoul"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason R","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University , California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Se Eun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, Seoul , Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Oxford University Clinical Research Unit , Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Oxford University Clinical Research Unit , Ho Chi Minh City, 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