{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:10:49Z","timestamp":1792271449427,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]],"date-time":"2019-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"USAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AID-OAA-G14-00010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AID-OAA-G14-00010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1033740"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1033740"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1184344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1184344"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Dutch Research Council","award":["016.178.156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["016.178.156"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"WHO","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Onchocerciasis elimination through mass drug administration (MDA) is hampered by coendemicity of Loa loa, as people with high L. loa microfilariae (mf) density can develop serious adverse events (SAEs) after ivermectin treatment. We assessed the geographical overlap of onchocerciasis and loiasis prevalence and estimated the number of coinfected individuals at risk of post-ivermectin SAEs in West and Central Africa from 1995 to 2025.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Focusing on regions with suspected loiasis transmission in 14 countries, we overlaid precontrol maps of loiasis and onchocerciasis prevalence to calculate precontrol prevalence of coinfection by 5 km2 \u00d7 5 km2 pixel, distinguishing different categories of L. loa mf intensity. Using statistical and mathematical models, we predicted prevalence of both infections and coinfection for 2015 and 2025, accounting for the impact of MDA with ivermectin.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The number of people infected with onchocerciasis was predicted to decline from almost 19 million in 1995 to 4 million in 2025. Of these, 137 000 people were estimated to also have L. loa hypermicrofilaremia (\u226520 000 L. loa mf\/mL) in 1995, declining to 31 000 in 2025. In 2025, 92.8% of coinfected cases with loiasis hypermicrofilaremia are predicted to live in hypoendemic areas currently not targeted for MDA.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Loiasis coinfection is a major concern for onchocerciasis elimination in Africa. We predict that under current strategies, at least 31 000 coinfected people still require treatment for onchocerciasis in 2025 while being at risk of SAEs, justifying continued efforts in research and development for safer drugs and control strategies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,12]],"date-time":"2019-07-12T19:09:44Z","timestamp":1562958584000},"page":"2281-2289","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Projected Number of People With Onchocerciasis\u2013Loiasis Coinfection in Africa, 1995 to 2025"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Natalie V S","family":"Vinkeles Melchers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc E","family":"Coffeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 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France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afework H","family":"Tekle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Chemotherapy and Transmission Control Unit, Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honorat G M","family":"Zour\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Expanded Special Project for Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases (ESPEN), World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Cit\u00e9 du Djou\u00e9, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Wanji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites and Vectors Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan 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