{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T13:10:17Z","timestamp":1731589817297,"version":"3.28.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]],"date-time":"2019-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>During the 2014 West African outbreak, a dilemma emerged about the ethics of conducting randomized placebo-controlled trials in the midst of a rapidly spreading, devastating epidemic for which there was no effective treatment. The dilemma has in fact has deep historic roots; it has appeared in several previous fearsome epidemics\u2014during the poliomyelitis epidemic in the 1930s\u20131950s, and again during the AIDS epidemic in the1980s\u20131990s. Moreover, ethical and social questions characterizing each of these epidemics\u2014the increased risks of withholding potentially life-saving drugs for people assigned to a control arm and the damaging effect on eroding community trust\u2014were conceptualized beforehand in the 1925 novel Arrowsmith. A historical analysis both reaffirms that rigorous placebo-controlled trials remain indispensable tools in epidemic settings and also provides guidance on how to approach the ethical and social issues that will likely arise when these trials are carried out in future epidemic emergencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,23]],"date-time":"2019-07-23T11:22:23Z","timestamp":1563880943000},"page":"334-337","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Polio, AIDS, and Ebola: A Recurrent Ethical Dilemma"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Powel","family":"Kazanjian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Michigan Medicine , Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024111411412051400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1712330","article-title":"We can do better\u2014improving outcomes in the midst of an emergency","volume":"377","author":"Baden","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024111411412051400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1061","article-title":"Regulatory and operational complexities of conducting a clinical treatment trial during an Ebola virus disease epidemic","volume":"66","author":"Rojek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024111411412051400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1032","article-title":"Rigorous clinical trial design in public health emergencies is essential","volume":"66","author":"Ellenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"volume-title":"Integrating clinical research into epidemic response: the Ebola experience","year":"2017","author":"National Academics of Science, Engineering, and Medicine","key":"2024111411412051400_CIT0004"},{"key":"2024111411412051400_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.12867","article-title":"Evaluating novel therapies during the Ebola epidemic","volume":"312","author":"Joffe","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024111411412051400_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61734-7","article-title":"Randomised controlled trials for Ebola: practical and ethical issues","volume":"384","author":"Adebamowo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024111411412051400_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1414145","article-title":"Evaluating Ebola therapies\u2014the case for RCTs","volume":"371","author":"Cox","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024111411412051400_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198707163170304","article-title":"Equipoise and the ethics of clinical research","volume":"317","author":"Freedman","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024111411412051400_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198209163071204","article-title":"The ethics of the randomized clinical trial","volume":"307","author":"Schafer","year":"1982","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024111411412051400_CIT0010","first-page":"539","article-title":"Equipoise and the ethics of segmental liver transplantation","volume":"36","author":"Singer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Res"},{"key":"2024111411412051400_CIT0011"},{"key":"2024111411412051400_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199105303242208","article-title":"Of mice but not men. 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