{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:04:07Z","timestamp":1792785847894,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Commonwealth Department of Health"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1001021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1001021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["GNT1102692"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1102692"]}]},{"name":"NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["1074547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1074547"]}]},{"name":"NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["1145817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1145817"]}]},{"name":"NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["1111596"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1111596"]}]},{"name":"NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["1084951"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1084951"]}]},{"name":"NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["1110891"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1110891"]}]},{"name":"NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["1059157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1059157"]}]},{"name":"NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["1021480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1021480"]}]},{"name":"NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["1113851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1113851"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to determine the contemporary causes, clinical features, and short-term outcome of encephalitis in Australian children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We prospectively identified children (\u226414 years of age) admitted with suspected encephalitis at 5 major pediatric hospitals nationally between May 2013 and December 2016 using the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance (PAEDS) Network. A multidisciplinary expert panel reviewed cases and categorized them using published definitions. Confirmed encephalitis cases were categorized into etiologic subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 526 cases of suspected encephalitis, 287 children met criteria for confirmed encephalitis: 57% (95% confidence interval [CI], 52%\u201363%) had infectious causes, 10% enterovirus, 10% parechovirus, 8% bacterial meningoencephalitis, 6% influenza, 6% herpes simplex virus (HSV), and 6% Mycoplasma pneumoniae; 25% (95% CI, 20%\u201330%) had immune-mediated encephalitis, 18% acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and 6% anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis; and 17% (95% CI, 13%\u201321%) had an unknown cause. Infectious encephalitis occurred in younger children (median age, 1.7 years [interquartile range {IQR}, 0.1\u20136.9]) compared with immune-mediated encephalitis (median age, 7.6 years [IQR, 4.6\u201312.4]). Varicella zoster virus encephalitis was infrequent following high vaccination coverage since 2007. Thirteen children (5%) died: 11 with infectious causes (2 influenza; 2 human herpesvirus 6; 2 group B Streptococcus; 2 Streptococcus pneumoniae; 1 HSV; 1 parechovirus; 1 enterovirus) and 2 with no cause identified. Twenty-seven percent (95% CI, 21%\u201331%) of children showed moderate to severe neurological sequelae at discharge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epidemic viral infections predominated as causes of childhood encephalitis in Australia. The leading causes include vaccine-preventable diseases. There were significant differences in age, clinical features, and outcome among leading causes. Mortality or short-term neurological morbidity occurred in one-third of cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]],"date-time":"2019-07-24T15:17:07Z","timestamp":1563981427000},"page":"2517-2526","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Causes and Clinical Features of Childhood Encephalitis: A Multicenter, Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Philip N","family":"Britton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales"},{"name":"Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales"},{"name":"Departments of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, New South Wales"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell C","family":"Dale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales"},{"name":"Neurology, Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher C","family":"Blyth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Perth Children\u2019s Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia"},{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute and School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia"},{"name":"PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia and Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia E","family":"Clark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Health Queensland, Brisbane"},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Crawford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute and Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Victoria"},{"name":"University of Melbourne, Victoria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Marshall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, South Australia"},{"name":"Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J","family":"Elliott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales"},{"name":"Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristine","family":"Macartney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales"},{"name":"Departments of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, New South Wales"},{"name":"National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Booy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales"},{"name":"Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales"},{"name":"Departments of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, New South Wales"},{"name":"National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl A","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales"},{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute and Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Victoria"},{"name":"University of Melbourne, Victoria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020061010553010800_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12650","article-title":"Acute encephalitis in children: progress and priorities from an Australasian perspective","volume":"51","author":"Britton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child 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