{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T04:26:27Z","timestamp":1781756787112,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003921","name":"Australian Government Department of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Universal pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) programs began in Indigenous Australian children in 2001 and all children in 2005, changing to 13-valent PCV (PCV13) in 2011. We used laboratory data for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and coded hospitalizations for noninvasive pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (PnCAP) to evaluate long-term impact.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Annual incidence (per 100 000 population) was calculated for age-specific total IPD, PCV13 non\u20137-valent PCV (PCV7) serotypes, and PnCAP by Indigenous status. Incidence in the pre\u2013universal PCV7 (2002\u20132004), early PCV7 (2005\u20132007), pre-PCV13 (2008 to mid-2011), and post-PCV13 (mid-2011 to 2016) periods was used to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRRs).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the total population, all-age incidence of IPD declined from 11.8 pre-PCV7 to 7.1 post-PCV13 (IRR, 0.61 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .59\u2013.63]) but for PnCAP declined among ages &amp;lt;1 year (IRR, 0.34 [95% CI, .25\u2013.45]) and 1\u20134 years (IRR, 0.50 [95% CI, .43\u2013.57]) but increased significantly among age \u22655 years (IRRs, 1.08\u20131.14). In Indigenous people, baseline PCV13 non-PCV7 IPD incidence was 3-fold higher, amplified by a serotype 1 epidemic in 2011. By 2015\u20132016, although incidence of IPD and PnCAP in children aged &amp;lt;5 years decreased by 38%, neither decreased in people aged \u22655 years.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fifteen years post-PCV and 5 years post-PCV13, direct and indirect impact on IPD and PnCAP differed by age and between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people, with potential implications for long-term PCV impact in comparable settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Fifteen years after pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) introduction and 5\u00a0years post-PCV13, direct and indirect impact on invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia differed by age and between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people, with potential implications for long-term PCV impact in comparable settings.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T11:13:27Z","timestamp":1564658007000},"page":"2607-2615","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Long-term Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines on Invasive Disease and Pneumonia Hospitalizations in Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australians"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Kelley N","family":"Meder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Jayasinghe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine 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University, Canberra, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Cook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Disease Control, Northern Territory Department of Health, Darwin, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Strachan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Surveillance, Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitali","family":"Sintchenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology\u2013Public Health, The Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research , Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health 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