{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:34:51Z","timestamp":1787315691292,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPPGH5231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPPGH5231"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1201031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1201031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Robust household sampling, commonly applied for population-based investigations, requires sampling frames or household lists to minimize selection bias. We have applied Google Earth Pro satellite imagery to constitute structure-based sampling frames at sites in Pikine, Senegal; Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; and Wad-Medani, Sudan. Here we present our experiences in using this approach and findings from assessing its applicability by determining positional accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Printouts of satellite imagery combined with Global Positioning System receivers were used to locate and to verify the locations of sample structures (simple random selection; weighted-stratified sampling). Positional accuracy was assessed by study site and administrative subareas by calculating normalized distances (meters) between coordinates taken from the sampling frame and on the ground using receivers. A higher accuracy in conjunction with smaller distances was assumed. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn multiple pairwise comparisons were performed to evaluate positional accuracy by setting and by individual surveyor in Pietermaritzburg.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The median normalized distances and interquartile ranges were 0.05 and 0.03\u20130.08 in Pikine, 0.09 and 0.05\u20130.19 in Pietermaritzburg, and 0.05 and 0.00\u20130.10 in Wad-Medani, respectively. Root mean square errors were 0.08 in Pikine, 0.42 in Pietermaritzburg, and 0.17 in Wad-Medani. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn comparisons indicated significant differences by low- and high-density setting and interviewers who performed the presented approach with high accuracy compared to interviewers with poor accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The geospatial approach presented minimizes systematic errors and increases robustness and representativeness of a sample. However, the findings imply that this approach may not be applicable at all sites and settings; its success also depends on skills of surveyors working with aerial data. Methodological modifications are required, especially for resource-challenged sites that may be affected by constraints in data availability and area size.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T23:24:46Z","timestamp":1568071486000},"page":"S474-S482","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program: Geospatial Sampling Frames for Household-based Studies: Lessons Learned From a Multicountry Surveillance Network in Senegal, South Africa, and Sudan"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica Fung","family":"Deerin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muna Ahmed","family":"Eltayeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine at the University of Gezira, Wad-Medani, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ligia Maria","family":"Cruz Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagla","family":"Gasmelseed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine at the University of Gezira, Wad-Medani, Sudan"},{"name":"Faculty of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Panzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera V","family":"Kalckreuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen H","family":"Keddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gi Deok","family":"Pak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Kyung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Se Eun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"},{"name":"International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arvinda","family":"Sooka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy Gassama","family":"Sow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Senegal"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adama","family":"Tall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Luby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian G","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, Eberhard Karls University, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6043-7170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, 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