{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T21:21:58Z","timestamp":1792876918856,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]],"date-time":"2019-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009947","name":"Merck Sharp and Dohme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IISP 54912"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IISP 54912"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009947","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Drug\u2013drug interactions (DDIs) that involve antiretrovirals (ARVs) tend to cause harm if unrecognized, especially in the context of comorbidity and polypharmacy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A linkage was established between the drug dispensing registry of Madrid and the Liverpool human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) DDI database (January 2017\u2013June 2017). Polypharmacy was defined as the use of \u22655 non-HIV medications, and DDIs were classified by a traffic-light ranking for severity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 22 945 people living with HIV (PLWH) and 6 613 506 individuals without HIV had received medications. ARV regimens were predominantly based on integrase inhibitors (51.96%). Polypharmacy was higher in PLWH (32.94%) than individuals without HIV (22.16%; P &amp;lt; .001); this difference was consistently observed across all age strata except for individuals \u226575 years. Polypharmacy was more common in women than men in both PLWH and individuals without HIV. The prevalence of contraindicated combinations involving ARVs was 3.18%. Comedications containing corticosteroids, quetiapine, or antithrombotic agents were associated with the highest risk for red-flag DDI, and the use of raltegravir- or dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy was associated with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.72 (95% confidence interval, .60\u2013.88; P = .001) for red-flag DDI.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Polypharmacy was more frequent among PLWH across all age groups except those aged \u226575 years and was more common in women. The detection of contraindicated medications in PLWH suggests a likely disconnect between hospital and community prescriptions. Switching to alternative unboosted integrase regimens should be considered for patients with risk of harm from DDIs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,17]],"date-time":"2019-08-17T19:13:46Z","timestamp":1566069226000},"page":"353-362","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Polypharmacy and Drug\u2013Drug Interactions in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the Region of Madrid, Spain: A Population-Based Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Beatriz","family":"L\u00f3pez-Centeno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Subdirecci\u00f3n General de Farmacia y Productos Sanitarios, Servicio Madrile\u00f1o de Salud, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Badenes-Olmedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontology Engineering Group, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de 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Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascual","family":"Balsalobre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n (Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n [IiSGM]), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"IiSGM, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leire","family":"P\u00e9rez-Latorre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n (Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n [IiSGM]), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"IiSGM, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juana","family":"Bened\u00ed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catia","family":"Marzolini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainhoa","family":"Aranguren-Oyarz\u00e1bal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Subdirecci\u00f3n General de Farmacia y Productos Sanitarios, Servicio Madrile\u00f1o de Salud, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saye","family":"Khoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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