{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T23:58:53Z","timestamp":1789689533394,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPPGH5342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPPGH5342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Improved treatment for onchocerciasis is needed to accelerate onchocerciasis elimination in Africa. Aiming to better exploit registered drugs, this study was undertaken to determine whether annual or semiannual treatment with ivermectin (IVM; 200 \u00b5g\/kg) plus albendazole (ALB; 800 mg single dose) is superior to IVM alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This trial was performed in Ghana and included 272 participants with microfilariae (MF), who were randomly assigned to 4 treatment arms: (1) IVM annually at 0, 12, and 24 months; (2) IVM semiannually at 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months; (3) IVM+ALB annually; or (4) IVM+ALB semiannually. Microfiladermia was determined pretreatment and at 6, 18, and 36 months. The primary outcome was the proportion of fertile and viable female worms in onchocercomata excised at 36 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Posttreatment nodule histology showed that 15\/135 (11.1%), 22\/155 (14.2%), 35\/154 (22.7%), and 20\/125 (16.0%) living female worms had normal embryogenesis in the IVM annual, IVM semiannual, IVM+ALB annual, and IVM+ALB semiannual groups, respectively (P = .1229). Proportions of dead worms also did not differ between the 4 groups (P = .9198). Proportions of patients without MF at 36 months (1 year after the last treatment) were 35\/56 (63%) after annual IVM, 42\/59 (71%) after semiannual IVM, 39\/64 (61%) after annual IVM+ALB, and 43\/53 (81%) after semiannual IVM+ALB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The combination treatment of IVM plus ALB was no better than IVM alone for sterilizing, killing adult worms, or achieving sustained MF clearance. However, semiannual treatment was superior to annual treatment for achieving sustained clearance of Onchocerca volvulus MF from the skin (P = .024).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trials Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ISRCTN50035143<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]],"date-time":"2019-09-13T15:30:36Z","timestamp":1568388636000},"page":"933-943","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Comparison of Repeated Doses of Ivermectin Versus Ivermectin Plus Albendazole for the Treatment of Onchocerciasis: A Randomized, Open-label, Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Linda","family":"Batsa Debrah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumasi Center for Collaborative Research, Kumasi, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Klarmann-Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research, Bonn-Cologne site, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jubin","family":"Osei-Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumasi Center for Collaborative Research, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Dubben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusif","family":"Mubarik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumasi Center for Collaborative Research, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nana Kwame","family":"Ayisi-Boateng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital, , Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arcangelo","family":"Ricchiuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7485-6803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rolf","family":"Fimmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Konadu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Nadal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Gruetzmacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Weil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W","family":"Kazura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher L","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander Y","family":"Debrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumasi Center for Collaborative Research, Kumasi, Ghana"},{"name":"Faculty for Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achim","family":"Hoerauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research, Bonn-Cologne site, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-5101-2.00055-8","volume-title":"The filariases. Book: Manson\u2019s tropical infectious diseases","author":"Simonsen","year":"2014","edition":"23"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e371","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030371","article-title":"River blindness: a success story under threat?","volume":"3","author":"Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i28","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihv077","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases in Africa: a new paradigm","volume":"8","author":"Hopkins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70099-9","article-title":"Effect of single-dose ivermectin on Onchocerca volvulus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2017.02.005","article-title":"Modelling the elimination of river blindness using long-term epidemiological and programmatic data from Mali and Senegal","volume":"18","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0006","volume-title":"Report of the consultative meetings on strategic options and alternative treatment strategies for accelerating onchocerciasis elimination in Africa","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004056","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004056","article-title":"Financial and economic costs of the elimination and eradication of onchocerciasis (river blindness) in Africa","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2953","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002953","article-title":"A randomized, single-ascending-dose, ivermectin-controlled, double-blind study of moxidectin in Onchocerca volvulus infection","volume":"8","author":"Awadzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0779-4","article-title":"The potential impact of moxidectin on onchocerciasis elimination in Africa: an economic evaluation based on the Phase II clinical trial data","volume":"8","author":"Turner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32844-1","article-title":"Single dose moxidectin versus ivermectin for Onchocerca volvulus infection in Ghana, Liberia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a randomised, controlled, double-blind phase 3 trial","volume":"392","author":"Opoku","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0011","first-page":"356","article-title":"The chemotherapy of onchocerciasis. XV. Studies with albendazole","volume":"42","author":"Awadzi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(93)90010-9","article-title":"Experimental chemotherapy of filariasis: comparative evaluation of the efficacy of filaricidal compounds in Mastomys coucha infected with Litomosoides carinii, Acanthocheilonema viteae, Brugia malayi and B. pahangi","volume":"52","author":"Zahner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-007-0062-1","article-title":"Wolbachia endobacteria depletion by doxycycline as antifilarial therapy has macrofilaricidal activity in onchocerciasis: a randomized placebo-controlled study","volume":"197","author":"Hoerauf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-4-1","article-title":"Frequent detection of worm movements in onchocercal nodules by ultrasonography","volume":"4","author":"Mand","year":"2005","journal-title":"Filaria J"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1588-5","article-title":"Criteria for the differentiation between young and old Onchocerca volvulus filariae","volume":"105","author":"Specht","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1624-5","article-title":"Newly acquired Onchocerca volvulus filariae after doxycycline treatment","volume":"106","author":"Specht","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005156","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005156","article-title":"Comparison of doxycycline, minocycline, doxycycline plus albendazole and albendazole alone in their efficacy against onchocerciasis in a randomized, open-label, pilot trial","volume":"11","author":"Klarmann-Schulz","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2013a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1179\/000349803235001697","article-title":"The co-administration of ivermectin and albendazole\u2013safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy against Onchocerca volvulus","volume":"97","author":"Awadzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0020","first-page":"213","article-title":"The chemotherapy of onchocerciasis XX: ivermectin in combination with albendazole","volume":"46","author":"Awadzi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e115886","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115886","article-title":"Elimination of African onchocerciasis: modeling the impact of increasing the frequency of ivermectin mass treatment","volume":"9","author":"Coffeng","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(03)00026-1","article-title":"Doxycycline in the treatment of human onchocerciasis: Kinetics of Wolbachia endobacteria reduction and of inhibition of embryogenesis in female Onchocerca worms","volume":"5","author":"Hoerauf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1217-8","article-title":"Efficacy of 5-week doxycycline treatment on adult Onchocerca volvulus","volume":"104","author":"Hoerauf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16716","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906176106","article-title":"Identifying sub-optimal responses to ivermectin in the treatment of river blindness","volume":"106","author":"Churcher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70732-7","article-title":"Twice-yearly ivermectin for onchocerciasis: the time is now","volume":"14","author":"Katabarwa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu467","article-title":"Reaching the London declaration on neglected tropical diseases goals for onchocerciasis: an economic evaluation of increasing the frequency of ivermectin treatment in Africa","volume":"59","author":"Turner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70308-6","article-title":"River blindness elimination in Columbia","volume":"13","author":"Burki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(98)90972-5","article-title":"Efficacy of single dose combinations of albendazole, ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine for the treatment of bancroftian filariasis","volume":"92","author":"Ismail","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90257-3","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of single-dose combinations of albendazole, ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine for the treatment of bancroftian filariasis","volume":"95","author":"Ismail","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2020081419065596900_CIT0030","volume-title":"Statistics with confidence, Confidence intervals and statistical guidelines","author":"Altman","year":"2000","edition":"2"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciz889\/31142838\/ciz889.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/71\/4\/933\/33654015\/ciz889.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/71\/4\/933\/33654015\/ciz889.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T19:19:02Z","timestamp":1597432742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/71\/4\/933\/5571844"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciz889","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]]}}}