{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:54:07Z","timestamp":1790690047036,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]],"date-time":"2019-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["016.116.358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["016.116.358"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["917.17.308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["917.17.308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Knowledge on risk factors for brain abscess is limited and relies on single-center cohort studies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We accessed nationwide medical registries to conduct a population-based, nested case-control study of risk factors for brain abscess. We applied risk-set sampling for the selection of population controls (1:10), who were individually matched by age, sex, and area of residence. Conditional logistic regression was used to compute adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Population-attributable fractions were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We identified 1384 brain abscess patients in Denmark from 1982 through 2016, and 13 839 matched population controls. The median age of patients was 50 years (interquartile range 33\u201363) and 37% were female. Cases often had Charlson comorbidity scores &amp;gt;2 (16%), compared with controls (3%). Our calculated aORs were 2.15 (95% CI 1.72\u20132.70) for head trauma; 19.3 (95% CI 14.3\u201326.0) for neurosurgery; 4.61 (95% CI 3.39\u20136.26) for dental infections; 2.57 (95% CI 1.71\u20133.84) for dental surgery; 3.81 (95% CI 3.11\u20134.67) for ear, nose, and throat infection; 2.85 (95% CI 2.21\u20133.70) for ear, nose, and throat surgery; 15.6 (95% CI 9.57\u201325.4) for congenital heart disease; 1.74 (95% CI 1.33\u20132.29) for diabetes mellitus; 2.22 (95% CI 1.58\u20133.11) for alcohol abuse; 2.37 (95% CI 1.53\u20133.68) for liver disease; 2.04 (95% CI 1.30\u20133.20) for kidney disease and 8.15 (95% CI 3.59\u201318.5) for lung abscess or bronchiectasis. The aORs were 4.12 (95% CI 3.37\u20135.04) for solid cancer; 8.77 (95% CI 5.66\u201313.6) for hematological cancer; 12.0 (95% CI 6.13\u201323.7) for human immunodeficiency virus; and 5.71 (95% CI 4.22\u20137.75) for immunomodulating treatments. Population-attributable fractions showed were substantial contributors to the occurrence of brain abscess neurosurgery (12%); solid cancer (11%); ear, nose, and throat infections (7%); and immunomodulating treatments (5%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Important risk factors included neurosurgery; cancer; ear, nose, and throat infections; and immunomodulating treatments.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,5]],"date-time":"2019-09-05T19:26:53Z","timestamp":1567711613000},"page":"1040-1046","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Risk Factors for Brain Abscess: A Nationwide, Population-Based, Nested Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7398-814X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Bodilsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Infectious Diseases, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Dalager-Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Infectious Diseases, Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Department Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diederik","family":"van de Beek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthijs C","family":"Brouwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Infectious Diseases, Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Department Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020081419065714000_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1301635","article-title":"Brain abscess","volume":"371","author":"Brouwer","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020081419065714000_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000172","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcome of brain abscess: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"82","author":"Brouwer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2020081419065714000_CIT0003","article-title":"Incidence and mortality of brain abscess in Denmark: a nationwide population-based study","author":"Bodilsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infec"},{"key":"2020081419065714000_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100112903","article-title":"Risks of developing an otogenic intracranial abscess","volume":"104","author":"Nunez","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"2020081419065714000_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100125095","article-title":"Extracranial and intracranial complications of suppurative otitis media. Report of 102 cases","volume":"107","author":"Kangsanarak","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"2020081419065714000_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199103000-00003","article-title":"Intracranial complications of paranasal sinusitis: a combined institutional review","volume":"101","author":"Clayman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2020081419065714000_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.11.011","article-title":"Cerebral abscesses in patients with bacterial meningitis","volume":"64","author":"Jim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2020081419065714000_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198111000-00008","article-title":"Analysis of brain abscess after penetrating craniocerebral injuries in Vietnam","volume":"9","author":"Rish","year":"1981","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2020081419065714000_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2010.11.043","article-title":"Brain abscess: management and outcome analysis of a computed tomography era experience with 973 patients","volume":"75","author":"Nathoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"2020081419065714000_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199711000-00010","article-title":"Risk factors for neurosurgical site infections after craniotomy: a prospective multicenter study of 2944 patients. The French Study Group of Neurosurgical Infections, the SEHP, and the C-CLIN Paris-Nord. Service epid\u00e9miologie hygi\u00e8ne et pr\u00e9vention","volume":"41","author":"Korinek","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2020081419065714000_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1086\/518580","article-title":"Postoperative central nervous system infection: incidence and associated factors in 2111 neurosurgical procedures","volume":"45","author":"McClelland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081419065714000_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-006-5607-5","article-title":"Postneurosurgical nosocomial bacterial brain abscess in adults","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"2020081419065714000_CIT0013","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and course of post-operative brain abscess","volume":"120","author":"Nicole 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malformations","volume":"65","author":"Boother","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081419065714000_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-3023-7","article-title":"Prevalence of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia in patients operated for cerebral abscess: a retrospective cohort analysis","volume":"36","author":"Larsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081419065714000_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1997.01430270090019","article-title":"Brain abscess in solid organ transplant recipients receiving cyclosporine-based immunosuppression","volume":"132","author":"Selby","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"2020081419065714000_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1086\/317548","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis, a severe complication in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: successful treatment strategies during a 5-year single-center experience","volume":"32","author":"Roemer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081419065714000_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e3181dfa59c","article-title":"Infectious and non-infectious neurologic complications in heart transplant recipients","volume":"89","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2020081419065714000_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2017.05.018","article-title":"Incidence, presentation and outcome of toxoplasmosis in HIV infected in the combination antiretroviral therapy era","volume":"75","author":"Martin-Iguacel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2020081419065714000_CIT0022","author":"Statistics 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A review of 200 cases from 1935\u20131976","volume":"65","author":"Nielsen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"2020081419065714000_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-332","article-title":"Pyogenic brain abscess, a 15 year survey","volume":"12","author":"Helweg-Larsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081419065714000_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3109\/23744235.2015.1113557","article-title":"Intracranial abscesses over the last four decades; changes in aetiology, diagnostics, treatment and outcome","volume":"48","author":"Laulajainen-Hongisto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020081419065714000_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.2009","article-title":"Live-born major congenital heart disease in Denmark: incidence, detection rate, and termination of pregnancy rate from 1996 to 2013","volume":"3","author":"Lytzen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciz890\/30264347\/ciz890.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/71\/4\/1040\/33653872\/ciz890.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/71\/4\/1040\/33653872\/ciz890.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T23:19:39Z","timestamp":1597447179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/71\/4\/1040\/5603189"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciz890","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]]}}}