{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T02:24:45Z","timestamp":1769739885578,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,28]],"date-time":"2019-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increasing numbers of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among men who have sex with men (MSM) are being observed in the Western world. The actual routes of HCV transmission during high-risk sex practices and associated drug use remain poorly understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty-seven patients with HCV were prospectively enrolled. Rectal and nasal swabs were collected to quantify HCV-RNA levels within rectal and nasal fluids. Contamination by occult rectal bleeding was excluded by guaiac paper test. Risk behavior was assessed by standardized questionnaires.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Median age was 41.9 years, 89% were HIV positive (+) (42\/47) and 85% (40\/47) were male, 58% (23\/40) of whom were MSM. Acute HCV infection was diagnosed in 32% (15\/47) ,with all patients being HIV+MSM and 93% (14\/15) having a documented history of sexually transmitted disease. Thirty-three (70%) patients had \u22651 HCV+ swab sample (HCV+SS; 48%, 22\/46 rectal; 62%, 29\/47 nasal), and contamination with blood was excluded in all patients. Individuals with HCV+SS had significantly higher serum HCV-RNA levels than patients with HCV-negative SS (6.28 [IQR, 0.85] log IU\/mL vs 4.08 [2.45] log IU\/mL; P &amp;lt; .001). Using ROC-curve analysis, serum HCV-RNA cutoffs for ruling in\/out any HCV+SS were established at 6.02 log IU\/mL and 4.02 log IU\/mL, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>HCV-RNA is commonly detectable in rectal and nasal fluids of both HIV+ and HIV-negative HCV patients with high serum HCV-RNA, independently of the suspected route of HCV transmission. Accordingly, high-risk sex practices and sharing of nasal drug-sniffing \u201ctools\u201d might be important HCV transmission routes, especially in patients with high serum HCV-RNA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]],"date-time":"2019-09-24T12:18:02Z","timestamp":1569327482000},"page":"1292-1299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Hepatitis C Virus RNA Is Commonly Detectable in Rectal and Nasal Fluids of Patients With High Viremia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1807-8258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Chromy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Vienna HIV and Liver Study Group, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mattias","family":"Mandorfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Vienna HIV and Liver Study Group, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerold Felician","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine 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