{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:20:42Z","timestamp":1792621242330,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 HD098717-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 HD098717-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1924670"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1924670"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We document that children growing up in places left behind by today\u2019s economy experience lower levels of social mobility as adults. Using a longitudinal database that tracks over 20,000 places in the USA from 1980 to 2018, we identify two kinds of left behind places: the \u2018long-term left behind\u2019 that have struggled over long periods of history; and \u2018recently left-behind\u2019 places where conditions have deteriorated. Compared to children of similar baseline household income levels, we find that exposure to left behind places is associated with a 4-percentile reduction in adult income rank. Children fare considerably better when exposed to places where conditions are improving. These outcomes vary across prominent social and spatial categories and are compounded when nearby places are also experiencing hardship. Based on these findings, we argue that left behind places are having \u2018scarring effects\u2019 on children that could manifest long into the future, exacerbating the intergenerational challenges faced by low-income households and communities. Improvements in local economic conditions and outmigration to more prosperous places are, therefore, unlikely to be full remedies for the problems created by left behind places.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cjres\/rsad031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T16:23:40Z","timestamp":1694535820000},"page":"37-58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Who gets left behind by left behind places?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8988-170X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dylan S","family":"Connor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning , Lattie F. Coor Hall, 975 S Myrtle Ave, Tempe, Arizona 85281 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8803-3514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksander K","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning , Lattie F. Coor Hall, 975 S Myrtle Ave, Tempe, Arizona 85281 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4984-9104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Kemeny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto, Munk School of Global Affairs & Public Policy , 1 Devonshire Place, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3K7 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J","family":"Kedron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Santa Barbara, Department of Geography , Ellison Hall, Santa Barbara, California, 93106 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Arizona State University, School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning , Lattie F. Coor Hall, 975 S Myrtle Ave, Tempe, Arizona 85281 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20191586","article-title":"Intergenerational mobility of immigrants in the US over two centuries","volume":"111","author":"Abramitzky","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1177\/0308518X20910752","article-title":"Disentangling the Brexit vote: the role of economic, social and cultural contexts in explaining the UK\u2019s EU referendum vote","volume":"52","author":"Abreu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3386\/w24548","volume-title":"Jobs for the Heartland: place-based policies in 21st century America (No. w24548)","author":"Austin","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1086\/260831","article-title":"An equilibrium theory of the distribution of income and intergenerational mobility","volume":"87","author":"Becker","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of political Economy"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6045","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1810893116","article-title":"American geography of opportunity reveals European origins","volume":"116","author":"Berger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2021.102686","article-title":"Industrial automation and intergenerational income mobility in the United States","volume":"104","author":"Berger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Social Science Research"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0078","volume-title":"The American Occupational Structure","author":"Blau","year":"1967"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0006","volume-title":"Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism","author":"Case","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3386\/w25147","volume-title":"The opportunity atlas: mapping the childhood roots of social mobility","author":"Chetty","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20150572","article-title":"The effects of exposure to better neighborhoods on children: new evidence from the moving to opportunity experiment","volume":"106","author":"Chetty","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qju022","article-title":"Where is the land of opportunity? the geography of intergenerational mobility in the United States","volume":"129","author":"Chetty","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20161073","article-title":"Gender gaps in childhood: Skills, behavior, and labor market preparedness childhood environment and gender gaps in adulthood","volume":"106","author":"Chetty","year":"2016","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04996-4","article-title":"Social capital I: measurement and associations with economic mobility","volume":"608","author":"Chetty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2007.04.004","article-title":"Spatial wage disparities: sorting matters!","volume":"63","author":"Combes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Economics"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1080\/24694452.2019.1667218","article-title":"How entrenched is the spatial structure of inequality in cities? evidence from the integration of census and housing data for Denver from 1940 to","volume":"110","author":"Connor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annals of the American Association of Geographers"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0014","first-page":"lbad018","article-title":"Frontier workers and the seedbeds of inequality and prosperity","author":"Connor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Geography"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30309","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2010222117","article-title":"The changing geography of social mobility in the United States","volume":"117","author":"Connor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4127500","volume-title":"Rising community poverty reduces social mobility for rural children","author":"Connor","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226349251.001.0001","volume-title":"The politics of resentment: rural consciousness in Wisconsin and the rise of Scott Walker","author":"Cramer","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1080\/00343404.2021.1967310","article-title":"The regional geography of social mobility in Mexico","volume":"56","author":"Delajara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Regional Studies"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1080\/00343404.2019.1654603","article-title":"The geography of EU discontent","volume":"54","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Regional Studies"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2022.103454","article-title":"The return to big-city experience: evidence from refugees in Denmark","volume":"130","author":"Eckert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Economics"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0021","first-page":"266","article-title":"A community of fear: emotion and the hydro-social cycle in East Porterville, California","volume":"28","author":"Egge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Political Ecology"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.34.3.128","article-title":"Place-based policies and spatial disparities across European cities","volume":"34","author":"Ehrlich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Perspectives"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/cjres\/rsx025","article-title":"The victims of neoliberal globalisation and the rise of the populist vote: a comparative analysis of three recent electoral decisions","volume":"11","author":"Essletzbichler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2015.11.012","article-title":"Does urban sprawl hold down upward mobility","volume":"148","author":"Ewing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landscape and Urban Planning"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0025","first-page":"1602","article-title":"Scale, context, and heterogeneity: a spatial analytical perspective on the 2016 US presidential election","volume":"111","author":"Fotheringham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annals of the American Association of Geographers"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0026","first-page":"449","article-title":"The places left behind: population trends and policy for rural America","volume":"36","author":"Fuguitt","year":"1971","journal-title":"Rural Sociology"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2017.07.002","article-title":"Why has regional income convergence in the US declined","volume":"102","author":"Ganong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Economics"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2022.2102637","volume-title":"The Openshaw effect","author":"Goodchild","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1068\/a250383","article-title":"A framework for the areal interpolation of socioeconomic data","volume":"25","author":"Goodchild","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environment and Planning A"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/cjres\/rsx028","article-title":"In what sense left behind by globalisation? Looking for a less reductionist geography of the populist surge in Europe","volume":"11","author":"Gordon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0031","first-page":"167","article-title":"Superstar cities","volume":"5","author":"Gyourko","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Economic Journal: Economic Policy"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7295.2008.00163.x","article-title":"Schools, skills, and synapses","volume":"46","author":"Heckman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Economic Inquiry"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0033","article-title":"Countering the geography of discontent: strategies for left-behind places","author":"Hendrickson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brookings, November"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0034","article-title":"Uniontown residents protest state\u2019s response to Arrowhead Landfill concerns","author":"Hitson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Montgomery Advertiser"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0035","volume-title":"Locating \u2018Left Behind\u2019 Places and People in England: Scale, Trajectory, and the Challenge of Multidimensionality","author":"Houlden","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s11113-020-09609-4","article-title":"Change in US small town community capitals, 1980\u20132010","volume":"39","author":"Hunter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Population Research and Policy Review"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/lby021","article-title":"Regional inequality in Europe: evidence, theory and policy implications","volume":"19","author":"Iammarino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Geography"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.12.018","article-title":"Early childhood WIC participation, cognitive development and academic achievement","volume":"126","author":"Jackson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-923X.12612","article-title":"The divergent dynamics of cities and towns: geographical polarisation after Brexit","volume":"90","author":"Jennings","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Political Quarterly"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20110236","article-title":"Beyond GDP? Welfare across countries and time","volume":"106","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0041","first-page":"1","article-title":"The changing shape of spatial inequality in the United States","volume-title":"Economic Geography","author":"Kemeny","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0042","article-title":"Superstar cities and left-behind places: disruptive innovation, labor demand, and interregional Inequality","author":"Kemeny","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0043","first-page":"133","article-title":"Spatial inequality and economic development: theories, facts, and policies","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urbanization and Growth"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjt034","article-title":"Local economic development, agglomeration economies, and the big push: 100 years of evidence from the Tennessee Valley Authority","volume":"129","author":"Kline","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1080\/24694452.2018.1453777","article-title":"The limits of the neighborhood effect: contextual uncertainties in geographic, environmental health, and social science research","volume":"108","author":"Kwan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals of the American Association of Geographers"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0046","first-page":"143","article-title":"Immobility and the Brexit vote. Cambridge Journal of Regions","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Economy and Society"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2107273118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2107273118","article-title":"Individualistic culture increases economic mobility in the United States","volume":"118","author":"Leonard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/gean.12011","article-title":"Maximum entropy dasymetric modeling for demographic small area estimation","volume":"45","author":"Leyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geographical Analysis"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10460-007-9107-8","article-title":"The community effects of industrialized farming: Social science research and challenges to corporate farming laws","volume":"25","author":"Lobao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agriculture and Human Values"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.5.2041","article-title":"Intergenerational occupational mobility in Great Britain and the United States Since 1850: Reply","volume":"103","author":"Long","year":"2013","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/cjres\/rsab034","article-title":"Reframing urban and regional \u2018development\u2019 for \u2018left behind\u2019 places","volume":"15","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781032244341","volume-title":"Levelling up Left Behind Places: The Scale and Nature of the Economic and Policy Challenge","author":"Martin","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/00343404.2019.1619928","article-title":"Perceptions of regional inequality and the geography of discontent: insights from the UK","volume":"54","author":"McCann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Regional Studies"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0054","first-page":"251484862211332","article-title":"Race, citizenship, and belonging in the pursuit of water and climate justice in California","author":"M\u00e9ndez-Barrientos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1080\/24694452.2020.1785271","article-title":"A spatial exploration of the halo effect in the 2016 US presidential election","volume":"111","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annals of the American Association of Geographers"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2017.08.010","article-title":"More than a rural revolt: landscapes of despair and the 2016 presidential election","volume":"55","author":"Monnat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Rural Studies"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1215\/00703370-9774819","article-title":"Death by robots? Automation and working-age mortality in the United States","volume":"59","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2022","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0058","volume-title":"The modifiable areal unit problem: concepts and techniques in modern geography 38","author":"Openshaw","year":"1984"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.7758\/RSF.2022.8.4.06","article-title":"Do federal place-based policies improve economic opportunity in rural communities","volume":"8","author":"Parker","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1353\/pcg.2020.0002","article-title":"The social production of the Great California Drought, 2012\u20132017","volume":"82","author":"Pompeii","year":"2020","journal-title":"Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0061","volume-title":"Our kids: The American dream in crisis","author":"Putnam","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1093\/oxrep\/graa057","article-title":"The persistent consequences of adverse shocks: how the 1970s shaped UK regional inequality","volume":"37","author":"Rice","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxford Review of Economic Policy"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0063","first-page":"189","article-title":"The revenge of the places that don\u2019t matter (and what to do about it). Cambridge Journal of Regions","volume":"11","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Pose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Economy and Society"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/ecge.12072","article-title":"Geographic effects on intergenerational income mobility","volume":"91","author":"Rothwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Economic Geography"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098018795363","article-title":"Neighbourhood effects and beyond: explaining the paradoxes of inequality in the changing American metropolis","volume":"56","author":"Sampson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban Studies"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0066","volume-title":"In Guadalupe, one of Arizona\u2019s smallest towns, residents push back against persistent poverty","author":"Scott","year":"2015"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.21106\/ijma.236","article-title":"Social determinants of health in the United States: Addressing major health inequality trends for the nation, 1935\u20132016","volume":"6","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0068","first-page":"1763","article-title":"Regulation and the geography of inequality","volume":"70","author":"Sitaraman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Duke LJ"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1905094116","article-title":"Long-term decline in intergenerational mobility in the United States since the 1850s","volume":"117","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1086\/718595","article-title":"A Different land of opportunity: the geography of intergenerational mobility in the early 20th-century US","volume":"41","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Labor Economics"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1093\/tcbh\/hwv030","article-title":"De-industrialization not decline: a new meta-narrative for post-war British history","volume":"27","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Twentieth Century British History"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.17953\/aicr.22.4.f1657245h4475511","article-title":"The Yaqui of Guadalupe, Arizona: a century of cultural survival through trilingualism","volume":"22","author":"Trujillo","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Indian Culture and Research Journal"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2023.104762","article-title":"Place-level urban\u2013rural indices for the United States from 1930 to 2018","volume":"236","author":"Uhl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Landscape and Urban Planning"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716217713477","article-title":"Upward mobility of low-income youth in metropolitan, micropolitan, and rural America","volume":"672","author":"Weber","year":"2017","journal-title":"The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/2152085","volume-title":"When work disappears: The world of the new urban poor","author":"Wilson","year":"1996"},{"key":"2024092900243286900_CIT0076","first-page":"11","article-title":"The regionalization of poverty: assistance for the Black Belt South","volume":"18","author":"Wimberley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Rural Social Sciences"}],"container-title":["Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cjres\/article-pdf\/17\/1\/37\/56743640\/rsad031.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cjres\/article-pdf\/17\/1\/37\/56743640\/rsad031.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]],"date-time":"2024-09-28T20:24:58Z","timestamp":1727555098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cjres\/article\/17\/1\/37\/7286403"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cjres\/rsad031","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-1378","1752-1386"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-1378","type":"print"},{"value":"1752-1386","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]}}}