{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T08:48:52Z","timestamp":1791622132909,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013417","name":"Lincoln Institute of Land Policy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000023","name":"Government of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000023","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["430-2022-0050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["430-2022-0050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2C HD042828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2C HD042828"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Can socially or community-owned enterprise models systematically enable equitable climate action, as has been previously suggested by case study research? To empirically measure and test this proposition, we systematically surveyed all North American community land trusts (CLTs), which primarily serve lower-income households. We found that a majority of CLTs engage in climate action, with mitigation efforts more prevalent than adaptation efforts. Statistical analyses confirm CLTs\u2019 rate of action cannot solely be explained by their climate hazards exposure. This suggests they can concurrently address economic precarity whilst enabling climate action, thereby enabling a \u201cjust transition\u201d. Nonetheless, CLTs fail to engage in climate action as often as they would like, reflecting financial constraints shaped by policy choices. This suggests the simultaneous existence of a climate \u201cdouble bind\u201d, whereby CLTs must, to a degree, choose between economic security and climate goals. We conclude by identifying potential policies to address this double bind.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cjres\/rsag013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T11:28:19Z","timestamp":1776770899000},"page":"535-550","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Just transition, double bind or both? Climate change action by North American community land trusts"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3286-8034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason Simpson","family":"Spicer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marxe School of Public and International Affairs, Baruch College, Social Welfare PhD Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York , 135 East 22nd Street, New York, New York 10010 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruoniu (Vince)","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington Runstad Department of Real Estate, College of Built Environments, , 130-A Gould Hall, Seattle, Washington 98195 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13177","DOI":"10.1111\/soc4.13177","article-title":"The forms of climate action","volume":"18","author":"Almeida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sociology Compass"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5040\/9781350223530","volume-title":"The Social Economy: International Perspectives on Economic Solidarity","author":"Amin","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib3","article-title":"Community land trusts build climate-resilient affordable housing","author":"Applegate","year":"2022","journal-title":"YES! Magazine"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446280669.n6","article-title":"On hybrids and hybrid organizing: a review and roadmap for future research","volume":"2","author":"Battilana","year":"2017","journal-title":"The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1080\/02692171.2024.2433459","article-title":"Voluntary sustainability standards, employee ownership, and the sustainable development goals: can VSS leverage EO to accelerate progress towards the SDGs?","volume":"39","author":"Bennett","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Review of Applied Economics"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib6","volume-title":"Co-ops, Communes and Collectives; Experiments in Social Change in the 1960s and 1970s","author":"Case","year":"1979"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib7","volume-title":"Sweden: The Middle Way","author":"Childs","year":"1936"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1080\/14693062.2017.1388212","article-title":"Using climate finance to advance climate justice: the politics and practice of channelling resources to the local level","volume":"18","author":"Colenbrander","year":"2018","journal-title":"Climate Policy"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib9","volume-title":"The Future of Capitalism: Facing the New Anxieties","author":"Collier","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-5707-8_2","article-title":"Defining and theorizing the third sector","volume-title":"Third Sector Research","author":"Corry","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib11","volume-title":"A Preface to Economic Democracy","author":"Dahl","year":"1986"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.5465\/amp.2015.0067","article-title":"Can an economy survive without corporations? Technology and robust organizational alternatives","volume":"30","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Academy of Management Perspectives"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/00343404.2018.1490014","article-title":"The double crisis: in what sense a regional problem?","volume":"53","author":"Donald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Regional Studies"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0885412218795142","article-title":"Shared equity homeownership in the United States: a literature review","volume":"34","author":"Ehlenz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Planning Literature"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-33099-5_2","article-title":"The double bind of climate change in contemporary world society","volume-title":"Acceleration and Cultural Change, SpringerBriefs in Anthropology","author":"Eriksen","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib16","volume-title":"The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism","author":"Esping-Anderson","year":"1990"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib17","first-page":"31","article-title":"The changing world economy and urban restructuring","author":"Fainstein","year":"1990","journal-title":"Leadership and Urban Regeneration"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib18","article-title":"The dilemma of dual vulnerability in the pursuit of climate justice","author":"Fakhoury","year":"2025","journal-title":"Global Studies Quarterly"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1080\/01944363.2021.2013301","article-title":"Transitioning from urban climate action to climate equity","volume":"88","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of the American Planning Association"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib20","volume-title":"American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power","author":"Galbraith","year":"1952"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2022.106211","article-title":"Assessing the dual mandates of sustainability-linked monetary policy","volume":"113","author":"George","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Economics"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4337\/9781788119962.00008","article-title":"Introduction to the Handbook of Diverse Economies: inventory as Ethical Intervention","volume-title":"The Handbook of Diverse Economies","author":"Gibson-Graham","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib23","author":"Glaser","year":"1967","journal-title":"The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib24","article-title":"Affordable Housing: Improvements Needed in HUD\u2019s Oversight of the Housing Trust Fund Program (GAO-23-105370)","author":"Government Accountability Office (GAO)","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib25","first-page":"701","article-title":"Community-driven climate solutions: how public-private partnerships with land trusts can advance climate action","volume":"44","author":"Grannis","year":"2019","journal-title":"William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib26","first-page":"701","article-title":"Community Land = Community Resilience: How Community Land Trusts Can Support Urban Affordable Housing and Climate Initiatives","volume-title":"William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review","author":"Grannis","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib27","volume-title":"Cities of Tomorrow","author":"Hall","year":"1988"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/0199247757.001.0001","volume-title":"Varieties of Capitalism","author":"Hall","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1108\/13552559910293119","article-title":"Community entrepreneurship in north east Scotland","volume":"5","author":"Haugh","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/14649357.2014.995212","article-title":"Civil society enterprise and local development","volume":"16","author":"Healey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Planning Theory & Practice"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib31","volume-title":"Reimagining Capitalism in a World on Fire","author":"Henderson","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/13563467.2019.1598964","article-title":"Is green growth possible?","volume":"25","author":"Hickel","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Political Economy"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.14452\/MR-075-03-2023-07_7","article-title":"Capitalism, global poverty, and the case for democratic socialism","volume":"75","author":"H\u0131ckel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Monthly Review"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib34","first-page":"404","article-title":"Future of cooperatives: a corporate perspective","volume":"48","author":"Holmstrom","year":"1999","journal-title":"Liiketaloudellinen Aikakauskirja"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib35","article-title":"Evidence Matters","author":"HUD","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib36","article-title":"Cooperatives and the Sustainable Development Goals","author":"ILO","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520324763","volume-title":"Worker Cooperatives in America","author":"Jackall","year":"1984"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1086\/227128","article-title":"Max Weber\u2019s types of rationality: cornerstones for the analysis of rationalization processes in history","volume":"85","author":"Kalberg","year":"1980","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib39","article-title":"Competitive Cities and Climate Change","author":"Kamal-Chaoui","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9075","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-15-9075-2022","article-title":"The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report WGIII climate assessment of mitigation pathways: from emissions to global temperatures","volume":"15","author":"Kikstra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geoscientific Model Development"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.4337\/9781784719005.00030","article-title":"Alternative circuits of capital: parallel economies of environmental finance","volume-title":"Handbook on the Geographies of Money and Finance","author":"Knox-Hayes","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1080\/10511482.2021.2013284","article-title":"Resident-owned resilience: can cooperative land ownership enable transformative climate adaptation for manufactured housing communities?","volume":"33","author":"Lamb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Housing Policy Debate"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1080\/01944363.2022.2038238","article-title":"Why do planners overlook manufactured housing and resident-owned communities as sources of affordable housing and climate transformation?","volume":"89","author":"Lamb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the American Planning Association"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib44","volume-title":"Finding Land Solutions to Climate Displacement: A Challenge like Few Others","author":"Leckie","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/00076503241254532","article-title":"Shared capitalism and corporate sustainability: broad-based employee share ownership, CEO ownership, and corporate environmental performance","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Business & Society"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/0885412218812080","article-title":"Housing tenure and social vulnerability to disasters: a review of the evidence","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Planning Literature"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib47","volume-title":"Climate and Society: Transforming the Future","author":"Leichenko","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195177329.001.0001","volume-title":"Environmental Change and Globalization: Double Exposures","author":"Leichenko","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib49","article-title":"Community land trusts in the age of climate change","author":"Leon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Shelterforce"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400884315","volume-title":"City of Refuge: Separatists and Utopian Town Planning","author":"Lewis","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.3138\/utq.11.4.403","article-title":"The meaning of economic democracy","volume":"11","author":"Macpherson","year":"1942","journal-title":"University of Toronto Quarterly"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17487870.2023.2280969","article-title":"Governing the economics of the common good: from correcting market failures to shaping collective goals","volume":"27","author":"Mazzucato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Policy Reform"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib53","volume-title":"For the Common Good","author":"Mazzucato","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198706205.003.0007","article-title":"Financial architecture and industrial policy: alternative ownership structures and the role of mutuals","author":"Michie","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Perspectives on Industrial Policy for a Modern Britain"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199684977.001.0001","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Mutual, Co-operative, and Co-owned Business","author":"Michie","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib56","volume-title":"The Great Global Transformation","author":"Milanovic","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib57","first-page":"25","article-title":"Solidarity economy: key concepts and issues","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Solidarity Economy I: Building Alternatives for People and Planet"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1080\/00420980500279794","article-title":"Social Economy, third sector and solidarity relations: a conceptual synthesis from history to present","volume":"42","author":"Moulaert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urban Studies"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib59","first-page":"292","article-title":"\u2018Successful\u2019 low-carbon energy transitions at the community level?","volume":"218","author":"Mundaca","year":"2018","journal-title":"An Energy Justice Perspective. Applied Energy"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/geoj.12008","article-title":"The political economy of the \u2018just transition\u2019","volume":"179","author":"Newell","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Geographical Journal"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e733","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.733","article-title":"Toward transformative climate justice: an emerging research agenda","volume":"12","author":"Newell","year":"2021","journal-title":"WIREs Climate Change"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib62","article-title":"Understanding the differential impacts of stringent energy codes on housing affordability and equity","author":"Niu","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511807763","volume-title":"Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action","author":"Ostrom","year":"1990"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1080\/01944363.2014.980440","article-title":"Inequities in long-term housing recovery after disasters","volume":"80","author":"Peacock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the American Planning Association"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib65","first-page":"239","article-title":"What do we really know about workers\u2019 co-operatives?","volume-title":"Mainstreaming Co-operation","author":"P\u00e9rotin","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/0004-5608.00182","article-title":"Rethinking environmental racism: White privilege and urban development in Southern California","volume":"90","author":"Pulido","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals of the Association of American Geographers"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3828\/tpr.54.1.k351u944t7429445","article-title":"From vision to reality: victorian ideal cities and model towns in the genesis of Ebenezer Howard\u2019s Garden City","volume":"54","author":"Rockey","year":"1983","journal-title":"Town Planning Review"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib68","volume-title":"The Cooperative Workplace: Potentials and Dilemmas of Organisational Democracy and Participation","author":"Rothschild","year":"1986"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.2307\/2094585","article-title":"The collectivist organization: an alternative to rational-bureaucratic models","volume":"44","author":"Rothschild-Whitt","year":"1979","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022058200985","article-title":"Social origins of civil society: explaining the nonprofit sector cross-nationally","volume":"9","author":"Salamon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1086\/730771","article-title":"Civic work: making a difference on and off the clock","volume":"130","author":"Schlachter","year":"2024","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240807300406","article-title":"Social movements and organizational form: cooperative alternatives to corporations in the American insurance, dairy, and grain industries","volume":"73","author":"Schneiberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib73","first-page":"08854122241280276","article-title":"Collective housing tenure in global perspective: articulations across the South\/North divide","author":"Shelby","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Planning Literature"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/08854122231180216","article-title":"Introduction to the special issue: planning for climate transformations","volume":"38","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Planning Literature"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2018.04.006","article-title":"Promises and perils of collective land tenure in promoting urban resilience: learning from China\u2019s urban villages","volume":"77","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Habitat International"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2013.02.003","article-title":"Enhancing the analysis of rural community resilience: evidence from community land ownership","volume":"31","author":"Skerratt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Rural Studies"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/14649357.2016.1158307","article-title":"Enabling transformative agency: community-based green economic and workforce development in LA and Cleveland","volume":"17","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Planning Theory & Practice"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.03.005","article-title":"New frontiers and conceptual frameworks for energy justice","volume":"105","author":"Sovacool","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy policy"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib79","first-page":"1055","article-title":"What\u2019s in a name? Conceptual frameworks for a co-operative world","volume-title":"Humanity@WorkLife: Global Diffusion of the Mondragon Cooperative Ecosystem Experience, Housing Policy Debate","author":"Spicer","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1177\/0739456X20929070","article-title":"Conceptualizing US community economic development: evidence from New York City","volume":"43","author":"Spicer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Planning Education and Research"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12963","DOI":"10.1111\/soc4.12963","article-title":"Another organization is possible: new directions in research on alternative enterprise","volume":"16","author":"Spicer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sociology Compass"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19491247.2025.2482229","article-title":"Canadian Community Land Trusts through a comparative institutionalist lens: continued liberalization, or welfare partnership revisited?","author":"Spicer","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Housing Policy"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0308518X211063216","article-title":"Multiple entrepreneurial ecosystems? Worker Co-operative development in Toronto and Montr\u00e9al","volume":"54","author":"Spicer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1177\/0739456X221119819","article-title":"Oranges are not the only fruit: the publicly owned variety of Community Land Trust","volume":"44","author":"Spicer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Planning Education and Research"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8292.2009.00389.x","article-title":"Moving beyond market fundamentalism to a more balanced economy","volume":"80","author":"Stiglitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib86","volume-title":"Social Housing in the UK and US: Evolution, Issues and Prospects","author":"Stone","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780773548572","volume-title":"Still Renovating: A History of Canadian Social Housing Policy","author":"Suttor","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/14616718.2011.599131","article-title":"Offset mirrors: institutional paths in Canadian and Australian social housing","volume":"11","author":"Suttor","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Housing Policy"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111856","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2023.1111856","article-title":"Uneven vulnerability: characterizing population composition and change in the low elevation coastal zone in the United States with a climate justice lens, 1990\u20132020","volume":"11","author":"Tagtachian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Environmental Science"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/cag.12278","article-title":"Environmental justice in the environmental non-governmental organization landscape of Toronto (Canada)","volume":"60","author":"Teelucksingh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Canadian Geographies \/ G\u00e9ographies Canadiennes"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib91","volume-title":"The 2023 Census of Community Land Trusts in Canada: Prevalence, Practice, and Impact","author":"Trana","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvc77hng","volume-title":"Economics for the Common Good","author":"Tirole","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-004-6944-x","article-title":"Beyond philanthropy: community enterprise as a basis for corporate citizenship","volume":"58","author":"Tracey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5749\/j.ctvzpv66d","volume-title":"Grocery Activism: The Radical History of Food Cooperatives in Minnesota","author":"Upright","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib95","author":"U.S. Congress, Congressional Research Service","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/10511482.2011.624528","article-title":"Mapping social vulnerability to enhance housing and neighborhood resilience","volume":"22","author":"Van\u00a0Zandt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Housing Policy Debate"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1080\/19463138.2022.2096616","article-title":"Community-led development and collective land tenure for environmental justice: the case of the Ca\u00f1o Mart\u00edn Pe\u00f1a community land trust, Puerto Rico","volume":"14","author":"Veronesi","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib98","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u2018All roads lead to Rome?\u2019 Performance evaluation across different types of community land trusts based on a large-scale survey","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Affairs"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib99","volume-title":"The 2022 Census of Community Land Trusts and Shared Equity Entities in the United States: Prevalence, Practice and Impact","author":"Wang","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2021.102291","article-title":"Just transition: a conceptual review","volume":"82","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Research & Social Science"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/10511482.2016.1200109","article-title":"Breaking the double impasse: securing and supporting diverse housing tenures in the United States","volume":"27","author":"Wegmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Housing Policy Debate"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1080\/0042098966457","article-title":"A comparison of Canadian and American housing policies","volume":"33","author":"Wexler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Urban Studies"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/10455752.2019.1583762","article-title":"Just transitions\/design for transitions: preliminary notes on a design politics for a green new deal","volume":"31","author":"White","year":"2020","journal-title":"Capitalism Nature Socialism"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122412468882","article-title":"Transforming capitalism through real utopias","volume":"78","author":"Wright","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"2026101004071794000_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14742837.2013.870883","article-title":"Rethinking prefiguration: alternatives, micropolitics and goals in social movements","volume":"14","author":"Yates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Movement Studies"}],"container-title":["Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cjres\/article-pdf\/19\/3\/535\/68406270\/rsag013.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cjres\/article-pdf\/19\/3\/535\/68406270\/rsag013.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T08:07:39Z","timestamp":1791619659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cjres\/article\/19\/3\/535\/8695669"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cjres\/rsag013","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-1378","1752-1386"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-1378","type":"print"},{"value":"1752-1386","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]}}}