{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T11:10:31Z","timestamp":1781521831363,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria-Feder","award":["PI17\/00257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/00257"]}]},{"name":"Redinren","award":["RD16\/0009\/0030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0009\/0030"]}]},{"name":"Department de Medicina of Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) are used to treat solid organ metastatic malignancies. They act by triggering a vigorous immune response against tumoural cells, preventing their proliferation and metastasis. However, this is not a selective response and can cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs). The kidney can potentially be damaged, with an incidence of irAEs of 1\u20134%. The most frequent type of toxicity described is acute interstitial nephritis (AIN).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a study of patients with solid organ metastatic malignancies treated with immunotherapy who developed acute renal injury and underwent kidney biopsy in the last 14\u2009months at the Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In all, 826 solid organ malignancies were treated with immunotherapy in our centre, 125 of them (15.1%) developed acute kidney injury (AKI), 23 (18.4% of AKI) visited the nephrology department and 8 underwent kidney biopsy. The most frequent malignancy was lung cancer, in five patients (62%), followed by two patients (25%) with melanoma and one patient (12%) with pancreatic cancer. Four patients (50%) had already received previous oncological therapy, and for the remaining four patients (50%), CPI was the first-line therapy. Five patients (62%) were treated with anti-programmed cell death protein 1, three patients (37%) received anti-programmed death ligand 1 and two (25%) patients were treated in combination with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4. The time between the start of CPI and the onset of the AKI ranged from 2 to 11\u2009months. The most frequent urine findings were subnephrotic-range proteinuria, with a mean protein:creatinine ratio of 544 mg\/g (standard deviation\u2009147) and eosinophiluria. All patients were biopsied after being diagnosed with AIN. Three patients (37%) received treatment with pulses of methylprednisolone 250\u2013500\u00a0mg\/day and five patients (62%) received prednisone 1\u2009mg\/kg\/day. Seven patients (87%) experienced recovery of kidney function and one patient (12%) progressed to chronic kidney disease.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We report on eight patients with CPI-related AIN diagnosed in the last 14\u2009months at our centre. The novel immunotherapy treatment of metastatic solid organ malignancies carries a higher risk of irAEs. The kidney is one of the most commonly affected organs, frequently presenting as an AIN and exhibiting a favourable response to steroid treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaa008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]],"date-time":"2020-01-14T20:12:29Z","timestamp":1579032749000},"page":"1364-1370","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Acute interstitial nephritis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a single-centre experience"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Diana","family":"Oleas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Bolufer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Agraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enriqueta","family":"Felip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Gabald\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana","family":"Bury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenia","family":"Espinel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Ser\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Garc\u00eda-Carro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3621-0766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Soler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021070211231963400_sfaa008-B1","volume-title":"Global Health Observatory","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021070211231963400_sfaa008-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2021070211231963400_sfaa008-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2019.03.002","article-title":"From immune checkpoint to vaccines. 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