{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T19:27:44Z","timestamp":1780860464159,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n Renal","award":["RD016\/0021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD016\/0021"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is an emerging cause of acute kidney disease. While this disease usually follows an acute course, it may occasionally recur, representing a major challenge for the clinician.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We performed a retrospective, observational cohort study in 13 nephrology departments belonging to the Spanish Group for the Study of Glomerular Diseases. Patients with biopsy-proven AIN between 1996 and 2018 were included.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study group consisted of 205 patients with AIN, 22 of which developed recurrent AIN (RAIN) after a median of 111\u2009days from diagnosis. RAIN was due to a surreptitious reintroduction of a previously known implicated drug or toxic in six patients (27%), sarcoidosis in two (9%), Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome in three (14%), light-chain-mediated AIN in two (9%) and tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome in two (9%), while in the rest of cases (32%), no precise cause could be identified. Microscopic haematuria was more frequent in patients with underlying systemic diseases. The first RAIN episode was treated with a repeated course of corticosteroids in 21 patients (95%). In six cases (27%), azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil were added as corticosteroid-sparing agents. During a median follow-up of 30\u2009months, 50 patients (27%) with no recurrences and 12 patients (55%) with RAIN reached Stages 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD). By multivariable logistic regression analysis, RAIN was independently associated with the risk of reaching Stages 4 and 5 CKD, even after adjusting for potential covariables.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>RAIN is infrequent but is associated with poor kidney survival. RAIN should prompt clinicians to search for an underlying aetiology other than drug induced. However, in a large percentage of cases, no precise cause can be identified.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaa018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,25]],"date-time":"2020-01-25T20:08:56Z","timestamp":1579982936000},"page":"197-204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Recurrent acute interstitial nephritis: what lies beneath"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5830-9663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Caravaca-Font\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Shabaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Alcorc\u00f3n, Alcorc\u00f3n, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"S\u00e1nchez-\u00c1lamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Alcorc\u00f3n, Alcorc\u00f3n, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"de Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miquel","family":"Blasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milagros","family":"Sierra-Carpio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hospital San Pedro, Logro\u00f1o, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Malek Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hospital de Sagunto, Sagunto, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Urrestaraz\u00fa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas, Montevideo, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Corona Cases","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Alcorc\u00f3n, Alcorc\u00f3n, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Praga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gema","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Alcorc\u00f3n, Alcorc\u00f3n, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the Spanish Group for the Study of Glomerular Diseases 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