{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T21:47:14Z","timestamp":1778276834464,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,21]],"date-time":"2020-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81700579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81700579"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81873595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81873595"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81970640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970640"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81670612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81670612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007219","name":"Shanghai Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19ZR1400100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19ZR1400100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Top Priority Key Clinical Disciplines Construction Project","award":["2017ZZ02009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017ZZ02009"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Talents Program","award":["19YF1450300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19YF1450300"]}]},{"name":"Research Projects of Shanghai Traditional Medicine","award":["ZHYY-ZXYJHZX-2-201713"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZHYY-ZXYJHZX-2-201713"]}]},{"name":"Research Projects of Shanghai Science and Technology Committee","award":["17411972100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17411972100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The efficacy and safety of rituximab (RTX) in adult frequent-relapsing (FR) or steroid-dependent (SD) nephrotic syndrome (NS), including minimal change disease (MCD) or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), are still inconclusive.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis registered in \u00a0PROSPERO (CRD42019148102) by pooling data of cohort studies or case series on adult patients with difficult-to-treat NS. Steroid-resistant NS was excluded. The primary outcomes were the complete remission (CR) rate and the relapse rate. Partial remission (PR) rate, no response (NR) rate and adverse events were the secondary outcomes. A random-effects model was performed for all the outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We included 21 studies involving 382 adult MCD\/FSGS subjects with a median follow-up duration from 12 to 43\u2009months. RTX treatment induced a pooled 84.2% CR rate [95% confidence interval (CI): 67.7\u201396.3%], while MCD patients had a high 91.6% CR rate and FSGS patients a moderate 43% CR rate. However, 27.4% (95% CI 20.7\u201334.5%) of the patients relapsed during the follow-up. The pooled PR and NR rates were 5.8% (95% CI 1.2\u201312.5%) and 5.2% (95% CI 0.0\u201315.0%), respectively. RTX was associated with trivial adverse events and good tolerance.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In summary, by pooling results of current pilot studies, RTX may be an effective and relatively safe alternative for most adult FR or SD MCD\/FSGS to displace calcineurin inhibitors or prednisone in the hierarchy of treatment. More clinical trials comparing RTX with other immunosuppressants and concerning the long-term adverse events are needed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaa191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T11:52:23Z","timestamp":1598615543000},"page":"1042-1054","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Efficacy and safety of rituximab in adult frequent-relapsing or steroid-dependent minimal change disease or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4132-9406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of CPLA (Chinese People\u2019s Liberation Army), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Naval Medical Center of PLA (People\u2019s Liberation Army), Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of CPLA (Chinese People\u2019s Liberation Army), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenchen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outpatient Department, Yangpu Third Military Retreat, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Zhabei Central Hospital of Jing\u2019an District, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of CPLA (Chinese People\u2019s Liberation Army), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of CPLA (Chinese People\u2019s Liberation Army), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengqiang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of CPLA (Chinese People\u2019s Liberation Army), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiguo","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of CPLA (Chinese People\u2019s Liberation Army), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changlin","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of CPLA (Chinese People\u2019s Liberation Army), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenggang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of CPLA (Chinese People\u2019s Liberation Army), Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical 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