{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:34:45Z","timestamp":1791290085102,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FRIAT"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p\/>\n               <jats:p>Anaemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this setting, iron deficiency is frequent because of the combination of increased iron needs to sustain erythropoiesis with increased iron losses. Over the years, evidence has accumulated on the involvement of iron in influencing pulmonary vascular resistance, endothelial function, atherosclerosis progression and infection risk. For decades, iron therapy has been the mainstay of therapy for renal anaemia together with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). Despite its long-standing use, grey areas still surround the use of iron therapy in CKD. In particular, the right balance between either iron repletion with adequate therapy and the avoidance of iron overload and its possible negative effects is still a matter of debate. This is particularly true in patients having functional iron deficiency. The recent Proactive IV Iron Therapy in Haemodialysis Patients trial supports the use of intravenous (IV) iron therapy until a ferritin upper limit of 700\u2009ng\/mL is reached in haemodialysis patients on ESA therapy, with short dialysis vintage and minimal signs of inflammation. IV iron therapy has also been proven to be effective in the setting of heart failure (HF), where it improves exercise capacity and quality of life and possibly reduces the risk of HF hospitalizations and cardiovascular deaths. In this review we discuss the risks of functional iron deficiency and the possible benefits and risks of iron therapy for the cardiovascular system in the light of old and new evidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaa212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T12:16:52Z","timestamp":1601554612000},"page":"1067-1076","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Intravenous iron therapy and the cardiovascular system: risks and benefits"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lucia","family":"Del Vecchio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Sant\u2019Anna Hospital, ASST Lariana, Como, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Ekart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dialysis, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Clinical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0577-7081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles J","family":"Ferro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Malyszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Disease, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3387-2123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick B","family":"Mark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9174-4018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pantelis","family":"Sarafidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose M","family":"Valdivielso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group and UDETMA, Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica de Lleida, Lleida, 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