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Among many factors contributing to disproportionately high energy intakes, and thereby to the obesity epidemic, the type and degree of food processing play an important role. Ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) are industrialized and quite often high-energy-dense products with added sugar, salt, unhealthy fats and food additives formulated to be palatable or hyperpalatable. UPFs can trigger an addictive eating behaviour and is typically characterized by an increase in energy intake. Furthermore, high consumption of UPFs, a hallmark of a Western diet, results in diets with poor quality. A high UPF intake is associated with higher risk for CKD. In addition, UPF consumption by patients with CKD is likely to predispose and\/or to exacerbate uraemic metabolic derangements, such as insulin resistance, metabolic acidosis, hypertension, dysbiosis, hyperkalaemia and hyperphosphatemia. Global sales of UPFs per capita increased in all continents in recent decades. This is an important factor responsible for the nutrition transition, with home-made meals being replaced by ready-to-eat products. In this review we discuss the potential risk of UPFs in activating hedonic eating and their main implications for health, especially for kidney health and metabolic complications of CKD. We also present various aspects of consequences of UPFs on planetary health and discuss future directions for research to bring awareness of the harms of UPFs within the CKD scenario.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T01:18:21Z","timestamp":1683249501000},"page":"1723-1736","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Ultraprocessed foods and chronic kidney disease\u2014double trouble"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Carla Maria","family":"Avesani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention, Karolinska Instituted , Stockholm , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian","family":"Cuppari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Nutrition Program, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo and S\u0101o Paulo , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana Baggio","family":"Nerbass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pr\u00f3-Rim Foundation , Joinville, Santa Catarina , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bengt","family":"Lindholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention, Karolinska Instituted , Stockholm , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Stenvinkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention, Karolinska Instituted , Stockholm , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023103104574894900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-020-09565-6","article-title":"Regulation of energy intake and mechanisms of metabolic adaptation or maladaptation after caloric restriction","volume":"21","author":"Vettor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"2023103104574894900_bib2","volume-title":"World Obesity Atlas 2022","author":"World Obesity Federation","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023103104574894900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.12.013","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis suggests obesity predicts onset of chronic kidney disease in the general population","volume":"91","author":"Garofalo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2023103104574894900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020101472","article-title":"Management of obesity in adults with CKD","volume":"32","author":"Friedman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2023103104574894900_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0163907","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163907","article-title":"Effects of bariatric surgery on renal function in obese patients: a systematic review and meta analysis","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023103104574894900_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp640","article-title":"Weight loss and proteinuria: systematic review of clinical trials and comparative cohorts","volume":"25","author":"Afshinnia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2023103104574894900_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00085","article-title":"Food processing at a crossroad","volume":"6","author":"Knorr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"2023103104574894900_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00248-0","article-title":"Ultra-processed food: a global problem requiring a global solution","volume":"10","author":"Dicken","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2023103104574894900_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018003762","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them","volume":"22","author":"Monteiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2023103104574894900_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980019003586","article-title":"What to expect from the price of healthy and unhealthy foods over time? 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