{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:35:08Z","timestamp":1793039708438,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003653","name":"Korea National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08 DK118120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08 DK118120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"NIDDK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011542","name":"CCaTS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002377"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer therapy and outcomes, leading to an expanding use in millions of patients worldwide. However, they can cause a spectrum of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Essentially, any organs can be affected by irAEs, which have emerged as therapy-limiting side effects. In the kidneys, ICI-associated acute interstitial nephritis (ICI-AIN) leads to acute kidney injury (AKI) in 2%\u20135% of patients on ICI therapy. AKI associated with ICI therapy pathologically presents with AIN in nearly 90% of the cases, but the pathophysiology of ICI-AIN remains to be defined. The generation of autoreactive T cells in patients receiving AIN-inducible drugs, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), is one of the leading theories, supported by a higher incidence of ICI-AIN in patients on these AIN-inducible drugs. In this review, we will discuss our understanding of the incidence, potential pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical presentations, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of PPI-related AIN and its interaction with ICI therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T02:07:21Z","timestamp":1684202841000},"page":"1834-1844","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Immune checkpoint inhibitors and their interaction with proton pump inhibitors\u2013related interstitial nephritis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Miao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra M","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN , 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