{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T23:04:25Z","timestamp":1782428665885,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01HX002680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01HX002680"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"United States Renal Data System"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006379","name":"Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006379","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"VA Information Resource Center","award":["SDR 02-237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SDR 02-237"]}]},{"name":"VA Information Resource Center","award":["98-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["98-004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Oral iron is the predominant route of iron replacement (IRT) but its benefits and safety are unclear in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We examined the association of oral IRT vs no IRT with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and mortality in a national cohort of US Veterans. We identified 17\u00a0413 incident new users of oral IRT with estimated glomerular filtration rates &amp;lt;60\u00a0mL\/min\/1.73 m2 and 32\u00a0530 controls who did not receive any IRT during 2004\u201318. We used propensity score\u2013overlap weighting to account for differences in key baseline characteristics associated with the use of oral IRT. We examined associations using competing risk regression and Cox models.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the cohort of 49\u00a0943 patients, 1616 (3.2%) patients experienced ESKD and 28\u00a0711 (57%) patients died during a median follow-up of 1.9 years. Oral IRT was not associated with ESKD [subhazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval, CI) 1.00 (0.84\u20131.19), P\u00a0=\u00a0.9] and was associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality [HR (95% CI) 1.06 (1.01\u20131.11), P\u00a0=\u00a0.01]. There was significant heterogeneity of treatment effect for mortality, with oral IRT associated with higher mortality in the subgroups of patients without congestive heart failure (CHF), anemia or iron deficiency. In patient with blood hemoglobin &amp;lt;10\u00a0g\/dL oral IRT was associated with significantly lower mortality.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Oral IRT was associated with lower mortality only in patients with anemia. In patients without anemia, iron deficiency or CHF, the risk\u2013benefit ratio of oral IRT should be further examined.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T04:26:56Z","timestamp":1691468816000},"page":"2082-2090","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Association of oral iron replacement therapy with kidney failure and mortality in CKD patients"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shejuti","family":"Paul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health , Memphis, TN , USA"},{"name":"Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabin","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , 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