{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:17:23Z","timestamp":1787008643590,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"EU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA19127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA19127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000921","name":"COST","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>People living with chronic kidney disease (CKD) frequently suffer from mild cognitive impairment and\/or other neurocognitive disorders. This review in two parts will focus on adverse drug reactions resulting in cognitive impairment as a potentially modifiable risk factor in CKD patients. Many patients with CKD have a substantial burden of comorbidities leading to polypharmacy. A recent study found that patients seen by nephrologists were the most complex to treat because of their high number of comorbidities and medications. Due to polypharmacy, these patients may experience a wide range of adverse drug reactions. Along with CKD progression, the accumulation of uremic toxins may lead to blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) disruption and pharmacokinetic alterations, increasing the risk of adverse reactions affecting the central nervous system (CNS). In patients on dialysis, the excretion of drugs that depend on kidney function is severely reduced such that adverse and toxic levels of a drug or its metabolites may be reached at relatively low doses, unless dosing is adjusted. This first review will discuss how CKD represents a risk factor for adverse drug reactions affecting the CNS via (i) BBB disruption associated with CKD and (ii) the impact of reduced kidney function and dialysis itself on drug pharmacokinetics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T18:23:26Z","timestamp":1694802206000},"page":"2365-2377","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Drugs with a negative impact on cognitive function (Part 1): chronic kidney disease as a risk factor"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5384-9006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Liabeuf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacoepidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Amiens University Medical Center , Amiens , France"},{"name":"MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, Jules Verne University of Picardie , Amiens , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vesna","family":"Pe\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goce","family":"Spasovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Clinical Centre \u201cMother Theresa\u201d, Saints Cyril and Methodius University , Skopje , North Macedonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romaldas","family":"Maciulaitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania"},{"name":"Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicines, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micka\u00ebl","family":"Bobot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille University, Department of Nephrology, AP-HM, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France; C2VN Laboratory, Inserm 1263, INRAE 1260, Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Farinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hospital de Vila Franca de Xira , Lisbon , Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9874-8898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten A","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology, University of Z\u00fcrich , Zurich , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7839-6031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert J","family":"Unwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, University College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3469-8614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovambattista","family":"Capasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translantional Medical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli , Naples , Italy"},{"name":"Biogem Research Institute , Ariano Irpino , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inga Arune","family":"Bumblyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0837-634X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaye","family":"Hafez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Altinbas University , Istanbul , Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"CONNECT Action (Cognitive Decline in Nephro-Neurology European Cooperative Target)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovambattista","family":"Capasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maie","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Bumblyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian Constantin","family":"Covic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Endlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Engvig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Fouque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casper","family":"Franssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Frische","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Garneata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loreto","family":"Gesualdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Giannakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Goumenos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ay\u015fe Tu\u011fba","family":"Kartal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Liabeuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laila-Yasmin","family":"Mani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Peter","family":"Marti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rikke","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vesna","family":"Pe\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merita","family":"Rroji (Molla)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgos","family":"Sakkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goce","family":"Spasovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgueniy","family":"Vazelov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Viggiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lefteris","family":"Zacharia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Carina","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Malyszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewout","family":"Hoorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreja","family":"Figurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Unwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Wanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Bruchfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Pepin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Wiecek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothea","family":"Nitsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Fridolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaye","family":"Hafez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9 Soler","family":"Romeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelangela","family":"Barbieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bojan","family":"Batini\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sol","family":"Carriazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Gansevoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianvito","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco Mattace","family":"Raso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ionut","family":"Nistor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Paolisso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daiva","family":"Rastenyt\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Stefan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gioacchino","family":"Tedeschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziad","family":"Massy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Bikbov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl Hans","family":"Endlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Godefroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastassia","family":"Kossioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justina","family":"Kurganaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norberto","family":"Perico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Remuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Grodzicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Trepiccione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmine","family":"Zoccali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Arici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Blankestijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai-Uwe","family":"Eckardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"Fliser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenio Guti\u00e9rrez","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Konig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Rychlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Deleidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Reusz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Farisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norberto","family":"Perico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Imenez","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micka\u00ebl","family":"Bobot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Golenia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Perna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alma","family":"Idrizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariadelina","family":"Simeoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-022-01244-0","article-title":"The power of birth cohorts to study risk factors for cognitive impairment","volume":"22","author":"Richards","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2014.04.001","article-title":"Dementia and cognitive impairment: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"30","author":"Hugo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0745-9","article-title":"Cognition in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Berger","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii23","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab262","article-title":"Cognitive disorders in patients with chronic kidney disease: specificities of clinical assessment","volume":"37","author":"Pepin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii14","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab284","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y as a risk factor for cardiorenal disease and cognitive dysfunction in chronic kidney disease: translational opportunities and challenges","volume":"37","author":"Zoccali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii33","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab223","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease and neurological disorders: are uraemic toxins the missing piece of the puzzle","volume":"37","author":"Liabeuf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-330347","article-title":"Cognitive performance is associated with glomerular filtration rate in patients with chronic kidney disease: results from the CKD-REIN cohort","volume":"94","author":"P\u00e9pin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa164","article-title":"Drug prescription in patients with chronic kidney disease: a true challenge","volume":"36","author":"Liabeuf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e184852","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.4852","article-title":"Comparison of the complexity of patients seen by different medical subspecialists in a universal health care system","volume":"1","author":"Tonelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13738","article-title":"Evaluation of the adequacy of drug prescriptions in patients with chronic kidney disease: results from the CKD-REIN cohort","volume":"84","author":"Laville","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brit J Clinical Pharma"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03940321","article-title":"Association of polypharmacy with kidney disease progression in adults with CKD","volume":"16","author":"Kimura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfz046","article-title":"Patterns of medication use and the burden of polypharmacy in patients with chronic kidney disease: the German Chronic Kidney Disease study","volume":"12","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.10.011","article-title":"Evaluation of changes over time in the drug burden and medication regimen complexity in ESRD patients before and after renal transplantation","volume":"6","author":"Marienne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01030120","article-title":"Adverse drug reactions in patients with CKD","volume":"15","author":"Laville","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad239","article-title":"Drugs with a negative impact on cognitive functions (Part 2): drug classes to consider while prescribing in CKD patients","author":"Hafez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199921020-00004","article-title":"Drug-induced cognition disorders in the elderly: incidence, prevention and management","volume":"21","author":"Gray","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2019070728","article-title":"Uremic toxic blood-brain barrier disruption mediated by AhR activation leads to cognitive impairment during experimental renal dysfunction","volume":"31","author":"Bobot","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2174\/157015908785777210","article-title":"Brain endothelial cell-cell junctions: how to \u201copen\u201d the blood brain barrier","volume":"6","author":"Stamatovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40331","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40331","article-title":"Blood occludin level as a potential biomarker for early blood brain barrier damage following ischemic stroke","volume":"7","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09522","article-title":"Pericytes regulate the blood-brain barrier","volume":"468","author":"Armulik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1824","article-title":"Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Abbott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3898","article-title":"Astrocyte barriers to neurotoxic inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0297-y","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier breakdown is an early biomarker of human cognitive dysfunction","volume":"25","author":"Nation","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.07.020","article-title":"A highly reproducible mice model of chronic kidney disease: evidences of behavioural abnormalities and blood-brain barrier disruption","volume":"161","author":"Mazumder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12040229","article-title":"Indoxyl sulfate, a uremic endotheliotoxin","volume":"12","author":"Lano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-082120-042814","article-title":"Biology and models of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"23","author":"Hajal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000168052.00426.65","article-title":"Relationship between aortic stiffening and microvascular disease in brain and kidney: cause and logic of therapy","volume":"46","author":"O'Rourke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4414","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08387-7","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier and gut barrier dysfunction in chronic kidney disease with a focus on circulating biomarkers and tight junction proteins","volume":"12","author":"Hernandez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0178686","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178686","article-title":"Plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentration is a predictor of chronic kidney disease in patients with cardiovascular risk factors\u2014Hyogo Sleep Cardio-Autonomic Atherosclerosis study","volume":"12","author":"Kurajoh","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib30","first-page":"2137","article-title":"Uremia induces upregulation of cerebral tissue oxidative\/inflammatory cascade, down-regulation of Nrf2 pathway and disruption of blood brain barrier","volume":"10","author":"Jing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-019-00698-8","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease increases cerebral microbleeds in mouse and man","volume":"11","author":"Lau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.11.100","article-title":"Inflammatory mediators and blood brain barrier disruption in fatal brain edema of diabetic ketoacidosis","volume":"1254","author":"Hoffman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-020-0352-2","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction: the undervalued frontier of hypertension","volume":"34","author":"Katsi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14030177","article-title":"The interplay between uremic toxins and albumin, membrane transporters and drug interaction","volume":"14","author":"da Cunha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr616","article-title":"Albumin-binding capacity (ABiC) is reduced in patients with chronic kidney disease along with an accumulation of protein-bound uraemic toxins","volume":"27","author":"Klammt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.112.045245","article-title":"Down-regulation of hepatic CYP3A and CYP2C mediated metabolism in rats with moderate chronic kidney disease","volume":"40","author":"Velenosi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib37","article-title":"Dose adjustment in renal and hepatic disease","author":"Hon","journal-title":"(eds), Applied Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(77)90400-4","article-title":"Principles of dialysis and dialysis of drugs","volume":"62","author":"Maher","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib39","article-title":"Dunleavy A. COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines","author":"National Institutes of Health"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)70298-6","article-title":"Vancomycin elimination during high-flux hemodialysis: kinetic model and comparison of four membranes","volume":"20","author":"DeSoi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib41","article-title":"The Renal Drug Handbook\u2014The Ultimate Prescribing Guide for Renal Practitioners, 5th edn","author":"Ashley"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib42"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib43","article-title":"Lexicomp: evidence-based drug referential content"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib44","article-title":"Micromedex Products"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012177","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012177","article-title":"Commonly prescribed drugs associate with cognitive function: a cross-sectional study in UK Biobank","volume":"6","author":"Nevado-Holgado","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108921275","author":"Stahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prescriber's Guide: Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2023120101594250500_bib47","article-title":"Martindale: the complete drug reference","journal-title":"MedicinesComplete"}],"container-title":["Clinical Kidney Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfad241\/51926277\/sfad241.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/article-pdf\/16\/12\/2365\/53960287\/sfad241.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/article-pdf\/16\/12\/2365\/53960287\/sfad241.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T21:00:25Z","timestamp":1701378025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/article\/16\/12\/2365\/7276610"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfad241","relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-8505","2048-8513"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-8505","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8513","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]}}}