{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T19:36:24Z","timestamp":1770838584399,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study aimed to estimate the attributable burden to kidney dysfunction as a metabolic risk factor in the North Africa and Middle East (NAME) region and its 21 countries in 1990\u20132019.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The data used in this study were obtained from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2019 study, which provided estimated measures of deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and other epidemiological indicators of burden. To provide a better insight into the differences in the level of social, cultural, and economic factors, the Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) was used.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the NAME region in 2019, the number of deaths attributed to kidney dysfunction was 296\u2009632 (95% uncertainty interval: 249\u2009965\u2013343\u2009962), which was about 2.5 times higher than in the year 1990. Afghanistan, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia had the highest, and Kuwait, Turkey, and Iran (Islamic Republic of) had the lowest age-standardized rate of DALYs attributed to kidney dysfunction in the region in 2019. Kidney dysfunction was accounted as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease, chronic kidney disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease with 150\u2009471, 111\u2009812, 34\u2009068, and 281 attributable deaths, respectively, in 2019 in the region. In 2019, both low-SDI and high-SDI countries in the region experienced higher burdens associated with kidney dysfunction compared to other countries.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Kidney dysfunction increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases burden and accounted for more deaths attributable to cardiovascular diseases than chronic kidney disease in the region in 2019. Hence, policymakers in the NAME region should prioritize kidney disease prevention and control, recognizing that neglecting its impact on other diseases is a key limitation in its management.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T02:23:13Z","timestamp":1700274193000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Mortality and disability-adjusted life years in North Africa and Middle East attributed to kidney dysfunction: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7460-6000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad-Mahdi","family":"Rashidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran"},{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Saeedi Moghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran"},{"name":"Kiel Institute for the World Economy , Kiel , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sina","family":"Azadnajafabad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9592-2611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esmaeil","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6138-1914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirmohammad","family":"Khalaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , 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