{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:38:54Z","timestamp":1787618334329,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Lupus nephritis is an important cause of severe glomerulonephritis, and a leading cause of kidney failure in young adults. While the disease can lead to rapid destruction of nephrons if untreated, there are effective therapies to reverse the severe acute kidney injury and prevent the lifetime risk of kidney failure. Early diagnosis and timely intervention are therefore of critical importance. Clinical management of lupus nephritis has improved considerably over the past two decades. The advent of mycophenolate as standard immunosuppressive therapy was a major paradigm shift that improved the safety and convenience of treatment and also patients' quality of life. Effective therapeutic options continue to increase, such as belimumab (a monoclonal antibody that inhibits B-cell activating factor, BAFF) and voclosporin (a calcineurin inhibitor) which have obtained regulatory approval in U.S.A. and Europe. There is also accumulating experience on tacrolimus, which has regulatory approval for lupus nephritis treatment in Japan and commonly used off-label in many countries. Ironically, the increasing therapeutic options have resulted in uncertainties in deciding which medication, and which treatment regimen, is best for a patient. In this context, one needs to take into consideration the distinct characteristics and the risk profile of each patient, and adopt a holistic and long-term perspective, so that treatment can be personalized to achieve favourable clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfae376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T00:29:22Z","timestamp":1732321762000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ten tips in lupus nephritis management"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Selene T Y","family":"Teoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, School of Clinical Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of General Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital ,","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desmond Y H","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, School of Clinical Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3495-4051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tak Mao","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, School of Clinical Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0141-9","article-title":"Lupus nephritis","volume":"6","author":"Anders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21955","article-title":"Mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"54","author":"Bernatsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3248","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs073","article-title":"Survival analysis and causes of mortality in patients with lupus nephritis","volume":"27","author":"Yap","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker101","article-title":"Assessment of a lupus nephritis cohort over a 30-year period","volume":"50","author":"Croca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39594","article-title":"Risk of end-stage renal disease in patients with lupus nephritis, 1971\u20132015: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Tektonidou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev311","article-title":"The frequency and outcome of lupus nephritis: results from an international inception cohort study","volume":"55","author":"Hanly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"2025020409382263600_bib7","first-page":"S1","article-title":"KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the management of lupus nephritis","volume":"105","author":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Lupus Nephritis Work Group","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000108969.21691.5D","article-title":"The classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisited","volume":"15","author":"Weening","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib9","first-page":"2046","article-title":"The benefit of early treatment with immunosuppressive agents in lupus nephritis","volume":"21","author":"Esdaile","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.5.435","article-title":"Improved clinical outcome of lupus nephritis during the past decade: importance of early diagnosis and treatment","volume":"62","author":"Fiehn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0005512021","article-title":"Beyond ISN\/RPS lupus nephritis classification: adding chronicity index to clinical variables predicts kidney survival","volume-title":"Kidney360","author":"Moroni","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib12","first-page":"1563","article-title":"Prognostic factors in lupus nephritis: diagnostic and therapeutic delay increases the risk of terminal renal failure","volume":"33","author":"Faurschou","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-212732","article-title":"Changing patterns in clinical-histological presentation and renal outcome over the last five decades in a cohort of 499 patients with lupus nephritis","volume":"77","author":"Moroni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080793","article-title":"Clinical usefulness of a prognostic score in histological analysis of renal biopsy in patients with lupus nephritis","volume":"36","author":"Kojo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm775","article-title":"The prognosis and pathogenesis of severe lupus glomerulonephritis","volume":"23","author":"Schwartz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)90338-8","article-title":"Prognostic factors in lupus nephritis. Contribution of renal histologic data","volume":"75","author":"Austin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80263-0","article-title":"Irreproducibility of the activity and chronicity indices limits their utility in the management of lupus nephritis","volume":"21","author":"Schwartz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.11.023","article-title":"Revision of the International Society of Nephrology\/Renal Pathology Society classification for lupus nephritis: clarification of definitions, and modified National Institutes of Health activity and chronicity indices","volume":"93","author":"Bajema","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V481499","article-title":"Renal vascular complications of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"4","author":"Appel","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80885-7","article-title":"Renal vascular lesions as a marker of poor prognosis in patients with lupus nephritis","volume":"18","author":"Banfi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp421","article-title":"Lupus nephritis combined with renal injury due to thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura\u2013haemolytic uraemic syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.04.008","article-title":"Effect of thrombotic microangiopathy on clinical outcomes in Indian patients with lupus nephritis","volume":"2","author":"Pattanashetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib23","first-page":"260","article-title":"Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and autoimmunity: a tale of shadows and suspects","volume":"84","author":"Porta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199568055.003.0008","article-title":"Lupus podocytopathy","volume-title":"Lupus Nephritis","author":"Lewis","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2019.08.011","article-title":"Lupus podocytopathy: an overview","volume":"26","author":"Oliva-Damaso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(96)90512-0","article-title":"The role of proteinuria in the progression of chronic renal failure","volume":"27","author":"Burton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671503","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.671503","article-title":"Rituximab associated hypogammaglobulinemia in autoimmune disease","volume":"12","author":"Tieu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224762","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus: 2023 update","volume":"83","author":"Fanouriakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2022-222435","article-title":"Weaning of maintenance immunosuppressive therapy in lupus nephritis (WIN-Lupus): results of a multicentre randomised controlled trial","volume":"81","author":"Jourde-Chiche","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-216303","article-title":"Withdrawal of low-dose prednisone in SLE patients with a clinically quiescent disease for more than 1 year: a randomised clinical trial","volume":"79","author":"Mathian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.07.018","article-title":"Kidney biopsy-based management of maintenance immunosuppression is safe and may ameliorate flare rate in lupus nephritis","volume":"97","author":"Malvar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203311418269","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in combination with two glucocorticoid regimens for the treatment of active lupus nephritis","volume":"20","author":"Zeher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14265","article-title":"Outcome of low-dose prednisolone use for the induction of remission in lupus nephritis patients","volume":"25","author":"Bandhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-1030","article-title":"Multitarget therapy for induction treatment of lupus nephritis: a randomized trial","volume":"162","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42920","article-title":"Impact of glucocorticoid dose on complete response, serious infections, and mortality during the initial therapy of lupus nephritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the control arms of randomized controlled trials","volume":"76","author":"Figueroa-Parra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00578-X","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of voclosporin versus placebo for lupus nephritis (AURORA 1): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"397","author":"Rovin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42657","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of long-term voclosporin treatment for Lupus nephritis in the phase 3 AURORA 2 clinical trial","volume":"76","author":"Saxena","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-208916","article-title":"Defining conditions where long-term glucocorticoid treatment has an acceptably low level of harm to facilitate implementation of existing recommendations: viewpoints from an EULAR task force","volume":"75","author":"Strehl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes293","article-title":"Long-term data on corticosteroids and mycophenolate mofetil treatment in lupus nephritis","volume":"52","author":"Yap","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001180","article-title":"Two-year, randomized, controlled trial of belimumab in lupus nephritis","volume":"383","author":"Furie","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.08.027","article-title":"A secondary analysis of the Belimumab International Study in Lupus Nephritis trial examined effects of belimumab on kidney outcomes and preservation of kidney function in patients with lupus nephritis","volume":"101","author":"Rovin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead253","article-title":"Belimumab and antimalarials combined against renal flares in patients treated for extra-renal systemic lupus erythematosus: results from 4 phase III clinical trials","volume":"63","author":"Gomez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reuma.2022.08.001","article-title":"Reduction of disease activity, corticosteroids use, and healthcare resource utilisation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with belimumab in clinical practice settings: OBSErve Spain multicentre study","volume":"19","author":"Cort\u00e9s-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reumatol Clin"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000118","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2015-000118","article-title":"Response to belimumab among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in clinical practice settings: 24-month results from the OBSErve study in the USA","volume":"3","author":"Collins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41900","article-title":"Phase III\/IV, randomized, fifty-two-week study of the efficacy and safety of Belimumab in patients of black African ancestry with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"74","author":"Ginzler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04120422","article-title":"Choosing the right treatment in patients with lupus nephritis","volume":"17","author":"Mejia Vilet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu265","article-title":"Long-term data on tacrolimus treatment in lupus nephritis","volume":"53","author":"Yap","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.12.005","article-title":"Long-term results of triple immunosuppression with tacrolimus added to mycophenolate and corticosteroids in the treatment of lupus nephritis","volume":"7","author":"Yap","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001152","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2024-001152","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors and complications in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with and without nephritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Wong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221733","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"81","author":"Drosos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000346","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2019-000346","article-title":"Development of a systemic lupus erythematosus cardiovascular risk equation","volume":"6","author":"Petri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2024.152468","article-title":"Personalizing cardiovascular risk prediction for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"67","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.2147\/ITT.S377076","article-title":"Managing cardiovascular risk in systemic lupus erythematosus: considerations for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Semalulu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunotargets Ther"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2011.01456.x","article-title":"Dyslipidaemia in patients with lupus nephritis","volume":"16","author":"Chong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrology (Carlton)"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i22","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac678","article-title":"Dilemma of immunosuppression and infection risk in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"62","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203319829817","article-title":"Infectious complications in lupus nephritis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Thong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199905000-00003","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus during a 5-year period. A multicenter prospective study of 1,000 patients","volume":"78","author":"Cervera","year":"1999","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4065\/71.1.5","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: associated illness and prior corticosteroid therapy","volume":"71","author":"Yale","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1086\/339548","article-title":"Opportunistic infections in patients with and patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Sepkowitz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2009.131668","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with or without AIDS, France","volume":"20","author":"Roux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223335","article-title":"2022 EULAR recommendations for screening and prophylaxis of chronic and opportunistic infections in adults with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases","volume":"82","author":"Fragoulis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib62","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis guidelines in patients with glomerulonephritis","author":"BC Renal Glomerulonephritis Committee","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29800","article-title":"Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance","volume":"67","author":"Terrault","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000574","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2021-000574","article-title":"Herpes zoster in SLE: prevalence, incidence and risk factors","volume":"9","author":"Kwan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293269","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1293269","article-title":"Herpes zoster in lupus nephritis: experience on 292 patients followed up for 15 years","volume":"14","author":"Reggiani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206456","article-title":"Tacrolimus versus mycophenolate mofetil for induction therapy of lupus nephritis: a randomised controlled trial and long-term follow-up","volume":"75","author":"Mok","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42261","article-title":"Recombinant zoster vaccine uptake and risk of flares among older adults with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases in the US","volume":"74","author":"Leung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"2025020409382263600_bib68","first-page":"S117","article-title":"KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease","volume":"105","author":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes CKD Work Group","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15361","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.15361","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease in patients with lupus nephritis-important but underrecognized","volume":"27","author":"Teoh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.525","article-title":"Persistent proteinuria and dyslipidemia increase the risk of progressive chronic kidney disease in lupus erythematosus","volume":"79","author":"Reich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-eular.1359","article-title":"The burden of chronic kidney disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: a nationwide epidemiologic study","volume":"78","author":"Mageau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.191064","article-title":"Advanced chronic kidney disease in lupus nephritis: is dialysis inevitable?","volume":"47","author":"Tselios","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5017","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11175017","article-title":"Predictors of early response, flares, and long-term adverse renal outcomes in proliferative lupus nephritis: a 100-month median follow-up of an inception cohort","volume":"11","author":"Kapsia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-014-2527-0","article-title":"Evolution of chronic kidney disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus over a long-period follow-up: a single-center inception cohort study","volume":"33","author":"Pokroy-Shapira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12840","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors for chronic kidney disease in Chinese patients with biopsy-proven lupus nephritis","volume":"45","author":"Sui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203317716320","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of nephritis response and renal outcome in a cohort of 928 Egyptian lupus nephritis patients: a university hospital experience","volume":"26","author":"Momtaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203317694257","article-title":"Risk factors to predict the development of chronic kidney disease in patients with lupus nephritis","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.13960","article-title":"Long-term renal outcomes in multi-ethnic Southeast Asians with lupus nephritis: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"48","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034","DOI":"10.29328\/journal.jcn.1001071","article-title":"Prognostic factors for chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease in patients with lupus nephritis: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Braga","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-06030-w","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease in Korean patients with lupus nephritis: over a 35-year period at a single center","volume":"41","author":"Jeon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024816","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"383","author":"Heerspink","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2204233","article-title":"Empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"388","author":"EMPA-KIDNEY Collaborative Group","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2025845","article-title":"Effect of finerenone on chronic kidney disease outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"383","author":"Bakris","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2110956","article-title":"Cardiovascular events with finerenone in kidney disease and type 2 diabetes","volume":"385","author":"Pitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2403347","article-title":"Effects of semaglutide on chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"391","author":"Perkovic","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03015-5","article-title":"Long-term kidney outcomes of semaglutide in obesity and cardiovascular disease in the SELECT trial","volume":"30","author":"Colhoun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24091","article-title":"Differences in long-term disease activity and treatment of adult patients with childhood- and adult-onset systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"61","author":"Hersh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2022.103259","article-title":"Immunology of pregnancy and reproductive health in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Update from the 11th International Conference on Reproduction, Pregnancy and Rheumatic Diseases","volume":"22","author":"Andreoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib89","first-page":"2129","article-title":"Predictors of sustained amenorrhea from pulsed intravenous cyclophosphamide in premenopausal women with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"29","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40079","article-title":"Brief report: the Euro-Lupus low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide regimen does not impact the ovarian reserve, as measured by serum levels of anti-mullerian hormone","volume":"69","author":"Tamirou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41191","article-title":"2020 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the management of reproductive health in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases","volume":"72","author":"Sammaritano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203312456893","article-title":"Pregnancy and renal outcomes in lupus nephritis: an update and guide to management","volume":"21","author":"Bramham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e667","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(24)00160-7","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome predictors in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Wind","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39406.652986.BE","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease in pregnancy","volume":"336","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.03.022","article-title":"Pregnancy in CKD stages 3 to 5: fetal and maternal outcomes","volume":"49","author":"Imbasciati","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20864","article-title":"The impact of increased lupus activity on obstetric outcomes","volume":"52","author":"Clowse","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.35223","article-title":"Teratogenicity of mycophenolate confirmed in a prospective study of the European Network of Teratology Information Services","volume":"158A","author":"Hoeltzenbein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes425","article-title":"Low risk of renal flares and negative outcomes in women with lupus nephritis conceiving after switching from mycophenolate mofetil to azathioprine","volume":"52","author":"Fischer-Betz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860794","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.860794","article-title":"Association between systemic lupus erythematosus and cancer morbidity and mortality: findings from cohort studies","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02648-y","article-title":"Increased risk of malignancy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: population-based cohort study in Korea","volume":"23","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01120-w","article-title":"Osteoporosis and fracture risk are multifactorial in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases","volume":"20","author":"Buttgereit","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-017-0322-z","article-title":"Bone disease in connective tissue disease\/systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"102","author":"Bultink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker306","article-title":"Childhood-onset disease carries a higher risk of low bone mineral density in an adult population of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"51","author":"Mok","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2022.10.014","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of children and adolescents with biopsy-proven childhood-onset lupus nephritis","volume":"8","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"sfae212","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfae212","article-title":"Early-onset lupus nephritis","volume":"17","author":"Peyronel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11435","article-title":"Multidisciplinary lupus nephritis clinic reduces time to renal biopsy and improves care quality","volume":"4","author":"Garg","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4059","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12124059","article-title":"Optimizing patient care: a systematic review of multidisciplinary approaches for SLE management","volume":"12","author":"Galoppini","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23191","article-title":"Medication nonadherence in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review","volume":"69","author":"Mehat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22636","article-title":"Medication nonadherence is associated with increased subsequent acute care utilization among Medicaid beneficiaries with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"67","author":"Feldman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200012)13:6<406::AID-ART11>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Factors associated with refractory renal disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: the role of patient nonadherence","volume":"13","author":"Bruce","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2013.07.001","article-title":"Adherence to treatment in systemic lupus erythematosus patients","volume":"27","author":"Costedoat-Chalumeau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000966","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2023-000966","article-title":"Association of patient copayment and medication adherence in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"10","author":"Lomanto Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"},{"key":"2025020409382263600_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab534","article-title":"Medication decision-making and adherence in lupus: patient-physician discordance and the impact of previous \u2018adverse medical experiences\u2019","volume":"61","author":"Sloan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"}],"container-title":["Clinical Kidney Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfae376\/60792108\/sfae376.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/article-pdf\/18\/1\/sfae376\/60792108\/sfae376.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/article-pdf\/18\/1\/sfae376\/60792108\/sfae376.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T09:38:37Z","timestamp":1738661917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfae376\/7907244"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfae376","relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-8505","2048-8513"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-8505","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8513","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"article-number":"sfae376"}}