{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T20:20:26Z","timestamp":1789158026991,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KFO 5011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFO 5011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Membranous nephropathy is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. While spontaneous remission occurs in approximately one-third of cases, another one-third of patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy demonstrate treatment resistance. This resistance, coupled with persistent proteinuria, significantly increases the risk of kidney failure. Alternative therapies, including B-cell and plasma-cell targeted treatments have been explored in isolated cases and case series. In this review, we examine the available evidence on the treatment of resistant and relapsing membranous nephropathy with a particular focus on B- and plasma-cell directed therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T10:12:33Z","timestamp":1742465553000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Newer B-cell and plasma-cell targeted treatments for rituximab-resistant patients with membranous nephropathy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Marc","family":"Buse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RWTH Aachen University Hospital Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, , Aachen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelia","family":"Dounousi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Ioannina Department of Nephrology, , Ioannina ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4048-6351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Kramann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RWTH Aachen University Hospital Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, , Aachen ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center Department of Internal Medicine, , Rotterdam ,","place":["Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Floege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RWTH, University Hospital Aachen Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology and Department of Cardiology, , Aachen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7472-4907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Stamellou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RWTH Aachen University Hospital Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, , Aachen ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Ioannina Department of Nephrology, , Ioannina ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60731-0","article-title":"Pathophysiological advances in membranous nephropathy: time for a shift in patient's care","volume":"385","author":"Ronco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-014-0423-y","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of membranous nephropathy: an update","volume":"36","author":"Debiec","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810457","article-title":"M-type phospholipase A2 receptor as target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy","volume":"361","author":"Beck","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012030242","article-title":"Antiphospholipase A2 receptor antibody titer and subclass in idiopathic membranous nephropathy","volume":"23","author":"Hofstra","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3195","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015080953","article-title":"Combined assessment of phospholipase A2 receptor autoantibodies and glomerular deposits in membranous nephropathy","volume":"27","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.486","article-title":"Anti-PLA2R antibodies measured by ELISA predict long-term outcome in a prevalent population of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy","volume":"83","author":"Kanigicherla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.12.035","article-title":"Rituximab in membranous nephropathy","volume":"6","author":"Gauckler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2020.99899","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of rituximab with membranous nephropathy: a meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu306","article-title":"Predictors of response and relapse in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy treated with tacrolimus","volume":"30","author":"Caro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.07.028","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of cyclical cyclophosphamide and steroids versus tacrolimus and steroids in primary membranous nephropathy","volume":"6","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016091022","article-title":"Safety of rituximab compared with steroids and cyclophosphamide for idiopathic membranous nephropathy","volume":"28","author":"van den Brand","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009080861","article-title":"Spontaneous remission of nephrotic syndrome in idiopathic membranous nephropathy","volume":"21","author":"Polanco","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.05.021","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline for the management of glomerular diseases","volume":"100","author":"KDIGO 2021","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399881","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1399881","article-title":"Pharmacological targets of SGLT2 inhibitors on IgA nephropathy and membranous nephropathy: a mendelian randomization study","volume":"15","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib15","first-page":"137","article-title":"Effects of dapagliflozin in patients with membranous nephropathy","volume":"4","author":"Chertow","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glomerular Dis"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab316","article-title":"The management of membranous nephropathy-an update","volume":"37","author":"Caravaca-Font\u00e1n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016040449","article-title":"Rituximab for severe membranous nephropathy: a 6-month trial with extended follow-up","volume":"28","author":"Dahan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1814427","article-title":"Rituximab or cyclosporine in the treatment of membranous nephropathy","volume":"381","author":"Fervenza","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.11791018","article-title":"High-dose rituximab and early remission in PLA2R1-related membranous nephropathy","volume":"14","author":"Seitz-Polski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002117","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1002117","article-title":"Rituximab in patients with membranous nephropathy and kidney insufficiency","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F983","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90579.2008","article-title":"Cisplatin-induced apoptosis in p53-deficient renal cells via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway","volume":"296","author":"Jiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1159\/000082102","article-title":"The biology of CD20 and its potential as a target for mAb therapy","volume":"8","author":"Cragg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Dir Autoimmun"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00940.x","article-title":"Plasma cell development and survival","volume":"237","author":"Oracki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2015.06.014","article-title":"Rituximab-induced serum sickness: a systematic review","volume":"45","author":"Karmacharya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03069","article-title":"Neutralizing anti-rituximab antibodies and relapse in membranous nephropathy treated with rituximab","volume":"10","author":"Boyer-Suavet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-04996-7","article-title":"Effects of rituximab therapy on B cell differentiation and depletion","volume":"39","author":"Bergantini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.2.866","article-title":"B cells are generated throughout life in humans","volume":"156","author":"Nu\u00f1ez","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.10.014","article-title":"The STARMEN trial indicates that alternating treatment with corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide is superior to sequential treatment with tacrolimus and rituximab in primary membranous nephropathy","volume":"99","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ju\u00e1rez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"sfae129","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfae129","article-title":"Ten tips on immunosuppression in primary membranous nephropathy","volume":"17","author":"Trujillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.12.019","article-title":"Immunological remission in PLA2R-antibody-associated membranous nephropathy: cyclophosphamide versus rituximab","volume":"93","author":"van de Logt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013040430","article-title":"Phospholipase A2 receptor autoantibodies and clinical outcome in patients with primary membranous nephropathy","volume":"25","author":"Hoxha","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020071091","article-title":"Rituximab or cyclophosphamide in the treatment of membranous nephropathy: the RI-CYCLO randomized trial","volume":"32","author":"Scolari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007020166","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of steroids and cyclophosphamide in adults with nephrotic syndrome caused by idiopathic membranous nephropathy","volume":"18","author":"Jha","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V93444","article-title":"A randomized study comparing methylprednisolone plus chlorambucil versus methylprednisolone plus cyclophosphamide in idiopathic membranous nephropathy","volume":"9","author":"Ponticelli","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq017","article-title":"Alkylating agents in membranous nephropathy: efficacy proven beyond doubt","volume":"25","author":"Hofstra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh036","article-title":"Cytotoxic therapy for membranous nephropathy and renal insufficiency: improved renal survival but high relapse rate","volume":"19","author":"du Buf-Vereijken","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3082","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp251","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of idiopathic membranous nephropathy in Japanese patients treated with low-dose cyclophosphamide and prednisolone","volume":"24","author":"Eriguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib38","first-page":"560","article-title":"Effective treatment administration of cyclophosphamide in membranous nephropathy","volume":"21","author":"Dede","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0002802020","article-title":"Substitution of oral for intravenous cyclophosphamide in membranous nephropathy","volume":"1","author":"Luzardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e919","DOI":"10.1097\/HS9.0000000000000919","article-title":"Obinutuzumab versus rituximab immunochemotherapy in previously untreated iNHL: final results from the GALLIUM Study","volume":"7","author":"Townsend","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614598","article-title":"Obinutuzumab for the first-line treatment of follicular lymphoma","volume":"377","author":"Marcus","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2014.922535","article-title":"Obinutuzumab for B-cell malignancies","volume":"14","author":"Owen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4393","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-06-225979","article-title":"Increasing the efficacy of CD20 antibody therapy through the engineering of a new type II anti-CD20 antibody with enhanced direct and immune effector cell-mediated B-cell cytotoxicity","volume":"115","author":"M\u00f6ssner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15232","article-title":"A tale of two antibodies: obinutuzumab versus rituximab","volume":"182","author":"Freeman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2024.05.004","article-title":"Obinutuzumab as initial or second-line therapy in patients with primary membranous nephropathy","volume":"9","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.06.030","article-title":"Obinutuzumab is effective for the treatment of refractory membranous nephropathy","volume":"5","author":"Sethi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.02.444","article-title":"Successful treatment of patients with refractory PLA(2)R-associated membranous nephropathy with obinutuzumab: a report of 3 cases","volume":"76","author":"Klomjit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2024.100853","article-title":"Obinutuzumab in refractory membranous nephropathy: a case series","volume":"6","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Med"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347880","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1347880","article-title":"Case report: one case of refractory membranous nephropathy with hypokalemia after rituximab infusion was switched to obinutuzumab without recurrence of hypokalemia","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-023-06085-8","article-title":"A child with semaphorin 3B-associated membranous nephropathy effectively treated with obinutuzumab after rituximab resistance","volume":"39","author":"Conversano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"sfae299","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfae299","article-title":"Obinutuzumab treatment for membranous nephropathy: effectiveness and safety concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.2165\/11203850-000000000-00000","article-title":"Ofatumumab","volume":"70","author":"Sanford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01650-7","article-title":"Ofatumumab: a review in relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis","volume":"82","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.4161\/mabs.1.4.8895","article-title":"Ofatumumab","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2016-0003","article-title":"Perspectives of ofatumumab as CD20 targeted therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases","volume":"8","author":"Pers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2011.151522","article-title":"Ofatumumab, a fully human anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, in biological-naive, rheumatoid arthritis patients with an inadequate response to methotrexate: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"70","author":"Taylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27524","article-title":"Ofatumumab, a human anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with an inadequate response to one or more disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase I\/II study","volume":"62","author":"\u00d8stergaard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatis"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-018-1647-9","article-title":"Ofatumumab for acute treatment and prophylaxis of a patient with multiple relapses of acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura","volume":"46","author":"Al-Samkari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.18192","article-title":"The use of obinutuzumab and ofatumumab in the treatment of immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura","volume":"198","author":"Doyle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1714146","article-title":"Ofatumumab for TTP in a patient with anaphylaxis associated with rituximab","volume":"378","author":"Crowley","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1159\/000501858","article-title":"Accelerating the depletion of circulating anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibodies in patients with severe membranous nephropathy: preliminary findings with double filtration plasmapheresis and ofatumumab","volume":"144","author":"Podest\u00e0","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e232896","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-232896","article-title":"Ofatumumab for multirelapsing membranous nephropathy complicated by rituximab-induced serum-sickness","volume":"13","author":"Podest\u00e0","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2023.08.010","article-title":"Ofatumumab in rituximab-resistant and rituximab-intolerant patients with primary membranous nephropathy: a case series","volume":"83","author":"Podest\u00e0","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1308488","article-title":"Ofatumumab for rituximab-resistant nephrotic syndrome","volume":"370","author":"Basu","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-017-3621-8","article-title":"Ofatumumab for the treatment of childhood nephrotic syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-018-0679-9","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of bortezomib","volume":"58","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-021-00863-2","article-title":"Bortezomib: a proteasome inhibitor for the treatment of autoimmune diseases","volume":"29","author":"Khalesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1159\/000515087","article-title":"Bortezomib treatment for refractory PLA2R-positive membranous nephropathy","volume":"1","author":"Geara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glomerular Dis"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-013-0028-x","article-title":"Bortezomib therapy for nephrotic syndrome due to idiopathic membranous nephropathy","volume":"27","author":"Hartono","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.04.011","article-title":"Bortezomib plus dexamethasone for rituximab-resistant PLA2R(+) membranous nephropathy","volume":"100","author":"Salhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2024.104353","article-title":"Bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy: clinical features, molecular basis, and therapeutic approach","volume":"197","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/02652048.2021.1876175","article-title":"Bortezomib-loaded lipidic-nano drug delivery systems; formulation, therapeutic efficacy, and pharmacokinetics","volume":"38","author":"Mahmoudian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Microencapsulation"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052658","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2052658","article-title":"Anti CD38 monoclonal antibodies for multiple myeloma treatment","volume":"18","author":"Gozzetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14263","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.14263","article-title":"A case of treatment-resistant membranous nephropathy associated with graft versus host disease successfully treated with daratumumab","volume":"26","author":"Benoit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Transplant"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.11.001","article-title":"Anti-CD38 therapy for PLA2R-positive membranous nephropathy resistant to conventional immunosuppression","volume":"101","author":"Stehl\u00e9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2024.06.018","article-title":"Phase 1b\/2a study assessing the safety and efficacy of felzartamab in anti-phospholipase A2 receptor autoantibody-positive primary membranous nephropathy","volume":"9","author":"Rovin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2022.05.031","article-title":"Immunologic responses after COVID-19 vaccination in patients with membranous nephropathy receiving anti-CD38 felzartamab therapy: results from the phase 1b\/2a M-PLACE Study","volume":"7","author":"Rovin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1706169","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor therapy","volume":"379","author":"June","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822508","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.822508","article-title":"Strategies towards antigen-specific treatments for membranous nephropathy","volume":"13","author":"K\u00f6llner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fron. Immunol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf6756","article-title":"Reengineering chimeric antigen receptor T cells for targeted therapy of autoimmune disease","volume":"353","author":"Ellebrecht","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2024.01.021","article-title":"An antigen-specific chimeric autoantibody receptor (CAAR) NK cell strategy for the elimination of anti-PLA2R1 and anti-THSD7A antibody-secreting cells","volume":"105","author":"Seifert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2023.108348","article-title":"Interleukin-4 as a therapeutic target","volume":"242","author":"G\u00e4rtner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.2.329","article-title":"Constitutive expression of interleukin (IL)-4 in vivo causes autoimmune-type disorders in mice","volume":"185","author":"Erb","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2024.09.024","article-title":"Case Studies of sustained remission of membranous glomerulonephritis with dupilumab treatment","volume":"9","author":"Kaplan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00564-1","article-title":"Membranous nephropathy: new pathogenic mechanisms and their clinical implications","volume":"18","author":"Hoxha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.01.018","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of complement proteins in membranous nephropathy","volume":"5","author":"Ravindran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/14.4.881","article-title":"Glomerular deposition of mannose-binding lectin in human glomerulonephritis","volume":"14","author":"Lhotta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2023.01.035","article-title":"Obinutuzumab in refractory phospholipase A2 receptor-associated membranous nephropathy with severe CKD","volume":"8","author":"Naik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"2025050206570533800_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-022-02761-3","article-title":"Treatment resistant M-type phospholipase A2 receptor associated membranous nephropathy responds to obinutuzumab: a report of two cases","volume":"23","author":"Hudson","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"}],"container-title":["Clinical Kidney Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf088\/62521634\/sfaf088.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/article-pdf\/18\/5\/sfaf088\/62521634\/sfaf088.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/article-pdf\/18\/5\/sfaf088\/62521634\/sfaf088.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T06:57:13Z","timestamp":1746169033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf088\/8090187"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf088","relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-8505","2048-8513"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-8505","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8513","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"article-number":"sfaf088"}}