{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T16:31:32Z","timestamp":1793982692025,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has emerged as a major contributor to systemic metabolic dysfunction and is increasingly recognized as a risk enhancer for both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review explores the complex interconnections between MASLD, CVD, and CKD, with emphasis on shared pathophysiological mechanisms and the clinical implications for risk assessment and management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>We describe the crosstalk among the liver, heart, and kidneys, focusing on insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, and progressive fibrosis as key mediators. The severity of liver fibrosis in MASLD is independently associated with both cardiovascular and renal outcomes. Conventional cardiovascular risk scores may underestimate risk in MASLD\u2013CKD populations, highlighting the need for integrated approaches that include hepatic, renal, and metabolic profiling. We also review current non-invasive diagnostic tools, including fibrosis scores and cardiovascular biomarkers, as well as emerging genetic and epigenetic markers that may enhance risk stratification. The therapeutic landscape is evolving, with promising results from lifestyle interventions and pharmacological agents such as GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, and novel antifibrotic compounds. We also propose a practical algorithm for the screening and risk stratification of MASLD in CKD patients, incorporating non-invasive fibrosis assessment and cardiometabolic risk evaluation. This stepwise approach supports early detection and personalized management, particularly in patients with CKD or type 2 diabetes. In conclusion, MASLD significantly amplifies cardiovascular and renal risk. Early, multidisciplinary intervention is essential to improve long-term outcomes in this high-risk population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T12:11:10Z","timestamp":1754655070000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The impact of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASH) on the high risk of cardiovascular disease in CKD: interconnections and management"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1812-4098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesc","family":"Moncho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinical Hospital, INCLIVA, Valencia. RICORS Renal Instituto de salud Carlos III Department of Nephrology. , Valencia .","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvador","family":"Benlloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arnau de Vilanova Hospital, Valencia. CIBEREHD-Instituto de Salud Carlos III Department of Digestive Medicine, , Valencia .","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU Universities Valencia .","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1134-9051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Luis","family":"G\u00f3rriz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinical Hospital, INCLIVA, Valencia. RICORS Renal Instituto de salud Carlos III Department of Nephrology. , Valencia .","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"University of Val\u00e8ncia , Valencia .","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.04.031","article-title":"EASL\u2013EASD\u2013EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)","volume":"81","author":"Tacke","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2023.101506","article-title":"Steatotic liver disease, MASLD and risk of chronic kidney disease","volume":"50","author":"Bilson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib3","author":"International Diabetes Federation (IDF)","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib4","author":"Eurostat","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.03.017","article-title":"Global burden of liver disease: 2023 update","volume":"79","author":"Devarbhavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.03.006","article-title":"The Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis among patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Younossi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00317-X","article-title":"Global prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in the overweight and obese population: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Quek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib8","first-page":"689","article-title":"Risk factors for progression in patients with KDOQI stage 3 Chronic Kidney disease (PROGRESER study)","volume":"44","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Castelao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nefrol Engl Ed"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.11491116","article-title":"Diabetic Kidney disease: challenges, progress, and possibilities","volume":"12","author":"Alicic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2023.09.008","article-title":"Advanced fibrosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease is independently associated with reduced renal function","volume":"3","author":"Villarroel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastro Hep Adv"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050686","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease","volume":"143","author":"Jankowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib12","first-page":"691","article-title":"MASLD: a systemic metabolic disorder with cardiovascular and malignant complications","volume":"73","author":"Targher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.062874","article-title":"Cardiometabolic HFpEF: NASH of the heart","volume":"147","author":"Capone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00308-3","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Mantovani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100322","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a patient guideline","volume":"3","author":"Francque","year":"2021","journal-title":"JHEP Rep Innov Hepatol"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e168","DOI":"10.1161\/ATV.0000000000000153","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular risk: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"42","author":"Duell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001680","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001680","article-title":"Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Musso","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20406223211024361","DOI":"10.1177\/20406223211024361","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with increased risk of chronic kidney disease","volume":"12","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323082","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident chronic kidney disease: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Mantovani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/155017","article-title":"The relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and incidence of chronic kidney disease for diabetic and non-diabetic subjects: a meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12010105","article-title":"Liver stiffness, albuminuria and chronic kidney disease in patients with NAFLD: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Ciardullo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2023.102780","article-title":"The association between metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Agustanti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-024-03910-6","article-title":"Does metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease increase the risk of chronic kidney disease? A meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e032604","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.032604","article-title":"Severity and remission of metabolic dysfunction\u2013associated fatty\/steatotic liver disease with chronic kidney disease occurrence","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib25","first-page":"2939","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of MAFLD versus NAFLD: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"44","author":"Pennisi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Liver Int Off J Int Assoc Study Liver"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-022-01978-w","article-title":"Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease increases the risk of end-stage renal disease in patients with biopsy-confirmed diabetic nephropathy: a propensity-matched cohort study","volume":"60","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0299507","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299507","article-title":"Increased risk of chronic kidney disease and mortality in a cohort of people diagnosed with metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease with hepatic fibrosis","volume":"19","author":"Gurun","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e030269","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.030269","article-title":"Coexistence of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and chronic kidney disease is a more potent risk factor for ischemic heart disease","volume":"12","author":"Miyamori","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc Cardiovasc Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.16","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an emerging driving force in chronic kidney disease","volume":"13","author":"Targher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00020-0","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a multisystem disease requiring a multidisciplinary and holistic approach","volume":"6","author":"Targher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2022.03.016","article-title":"Metabolic associated fatty liver disease increases the risk of systemic complications and mortality. A meta-analysis and systematic review of 12\u2009620\u2009736 individuals","volume":"28","author":"Quek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2023.08.005","article-title":"Targeting metabolic-associated fatty liver disease in diabetic kidney disease: a call to action","volume":"44","author":"Benlloch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nefrologia"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010091","article-title":"Oxidative stress is a key modulator in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.01.013","article-title":"NAFLD as a driver of chronic kidney disease","volume":"72","author":"Byrne","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7007","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137007","article-title":"MAFLD and CKD: an updated narrative review","volume":"23","author":"Mantovani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01697-0","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and implications for cardiovascular risk and disease prevention","volume":"21","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/14779072.2025.2463366","article-title":"The gut microbiota and its role in the development of cardiovascular disease","volume":"23","author":"Escobar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101924","article-title":"Gut microbiome and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: pathogenic role and potential for therapeutics","volume":"72","author":"Garcia-Mateo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13529","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413529","article-title":"The gut\u2013heart axis: effects of intestinal microbiome modulation on cardiovascular disease\u2014ready for therapeutic interventions?","volume":"25","author":"Sagmeister","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13646","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13646","article-title":"Composition of gut microbiota and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obes Rev Off J Int Assoc Study Obes"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3698","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16213698","article-title":"The microbial perspective: a systematic literature review on hypertension and gut microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Tsiavos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09922","article-title":"Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease","volume":"472","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0108-7","article-title":"Dietary metabolism, the gut microbiome, and heart failure","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib44","author":"Cooper"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18846","article-title":"Diet\u2014microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism","volume":"535","author":"Sonnenburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i22.2921","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for irritable bowel syndrome: an intervention for the 21st century","volume":"27","author":"El-Salhy","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.09.020","article-title":"Advanced liver fibrosis but not steatosis is independently associated with albuminuria in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"68","author":"Yeung","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13501","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13501","article-title":"Effect of MAFLD on albuminuria and the interaction between MAFLD and diabetes on albuminuria","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.070535","article-title":"Cardiovascular-liver-metabolic health: recommendations in screening, diagnosis, and management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in Cardiovascular disease via modified Delphi approach","volume":"151","author":"Chew","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88569","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088569","article-title":"Association between noninvasive fibrosis markers and chronic kidney disease among adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"9","author":"Sesti","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-5075-6","article-title":"Increased severity of liver fat content and liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease correlate with epicardial fat volume in type 2 diabetes: a prospective study","volume":"28","author":"Brouha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7492","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-024-10798-1","article-title":"Liver fibrosis is associated with left ventricular remodeling: insight into the liver-heart axis","volume":"34","author":"Edin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02180-8","article-title":"CVOT Summit Report 2023: new cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Schnell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2022.03.010","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline for the diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in primary care and endocrinology clinical settings: co-sponsored by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD)","volume":"28","author":"Cusi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13479","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13479","article-title":"Deciphering the role of epigenetic modifications in fatty liver disease: a systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9735","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119735","article-title":"MicroRNA and lncRNA as the future of pulmonary arterial hypertension treatment","volume":"24","author":"Wo\u0142owiec","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13860","article-title":"Improvement in liver histology due to lifestyle modification is independently associated with improved kidney function in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"45","author":"Vilar-Gomez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.11.051","article-title":"AGA clinical practice update on lifestyle modification using diet and exercise to achieve weight loss in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: expert review","volume":"160","author":"Younossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2309000","article-title":"A phase 3, randomized, controlled trial of resmetirom in NASH with liver fibrosis","volume":"390","author":"Harrison","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111675","article-title":"Incretin-based investigational therapies for the treatment of MASLD\/MASH","volume":"211","author":"Brouwers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2413258","article-title":"Phase 3 trial of semaglutide in metabolic dysfunction\u2013associated steatohepatitis","volume":"392","author":"Sanyal","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03327-6","article-title":"Semaglutide in patients with overweight or obesity and chronic kidney disease without diabetes: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"31","author":"Apperloo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2401943","article-title":"Tirzepatide for metabolic dysfunction\u2013associated steatohepatitis with liver fibrosis","volume":"391","author":"Loomba","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03018-2","article-title":"Triple hormone receptor agonist retatrutide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized phase 2a trial","volume":"30","author":"Sanyal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.069568","article-title":"Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and major adverse cardiovascular outcomes: a SMART-C collaborative meta-analysis","volume":"149","author":"Patel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15922","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42989-z","article-title":"SGLT-2 inhibitors improve cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with CKD: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Mavrakanas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52603-5","article-title":"Efficacy of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on hepatic fibrosis and steatosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Ong Lopez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.9607","article-title":"Thiazolidinediones and advanced liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"177","author":"Musso","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-333074","article-title":"Long-term liver-related outcomes and liver stiffness progression of statin usage in steatotic liver disease","volume":"73","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6938","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25136938","article-title":"Exploring the role of bempedoic acid in metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease: actual evidence and future perspectives","volume":"25","author":"Butera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.10.014","article-title":"Bempedoic acid suppresses diet-induced hepatic steatosis independently of ATP-citrate lyase","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2304286","article-title":"Randomized, controlled trial of the FGF21 analogue pegozafermin in NASH","volume":"389","author":"Loomba","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.12.045","article-title":"Pan-PPAR agonist lanifibranor improves insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in patients with T2D and MASLD","volume":"82","author":"Barb","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2025090804565069200_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"goae029","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goae029","article-title":"Advancements in pharmacological treatment of NAFLD\/MASLD: a focus on metabolic and liver-targeted interventions","volume":"12","author":"Ciardullo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Rep"}],"container-title":["Clinical Kidney Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf260\/64029388\/sfaf260.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/article-pdf\/18\/9\/sfaf260\/64029388\/sfaf260.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/article-pdf\/18\/9\/sfaf260\/64029388\/sfaf260.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T08:57:00Z","timestamp":1757321820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf260\/8232701"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf260","relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-8505","2048-8513"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-8505","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8513","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"article-number":"sfaf260"}}