{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T05:16:44Z","timestamp":1792905404237,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Calciphylaxis, or calcific uraemic arteriolopathy, is a rare and life-threatening condition predominantly affecting people receiving dialysis. Characterized by painful necrotic skin lesions due to arteriolar calcification and thrombosis, calciphylaxis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis is frequently delayed due to misdiagnosis and an absence of specific diagnostic tests. Current treatment approaches are largely based on registry data and small uncontrolled studies. This update brings together the latest understanding of calciphylaxis pathogenesis, diagnostic approaches and management, highlighting recent advances and future directions. Pathophysiological mechanisms include vascular smooth muscle cell osteogenic transformation, loss of endogenous calcification inhibitors (fetuin-A, matrix Gla protein, pyrophosphate), systemic inflammation and thrombosis. The potential prognostic role of biomarkers, including the calciprotein particle crystallization test (T50) and plasma pyrophosphate, are also discussed. Management remains complex, with no proven treatments. A multifaceted, and multi-professional team approach is fundamental. Sodium thiosulfate remains widely used despite the lack of trial evidence. Recent investigational therapies, including SNF472 and INZ-701, target key calcification pathways and offer promise. The Better Evidence and Translation for Calciphylaxis (BEAT-Calci) adaptive platform trial represents a landmark step in evaluating multiple therapies systematically. National registries remain vital for informing prevalence estimates and improving real-world outcome data. Looking ahead, future research should prioritize the development and validation of diagnostic criteria, and prognostic tools integrating clinical risk factors with biomarkers. In addition, we propose the routine inclusion of patient-reported experience measures in calciphylaxis studies to better capture treatment impact in this vulnerable population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T07:03:16Z","timestamp":1762671796000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Calciphylaxis diagnosis, management and future directions: a comprehensive update on behalf of the European Renal Association CKD-MBD Working Group"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3161-1552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon","family":"Huish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, and University of Exeter Department of Renal Dietetics, , Exeter ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Donal O\u2019Donoghue Renal Research Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust , Salford, \u00a0","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sacha","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wales Kidney Research Unit, Cardiff University , Cardiff ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Directorate of Nephrology and Transplantation, University Hospital of Wales , Cardiff ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Alfieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Bellasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Nephrology, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ospedale Civico, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale , Lugano ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana , Lugano ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Cejka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transplantation Medicine, Rheumatology, Geriatrics, Ordensklinikum Linz Elisabethinen Hospital Department of Medicine III \u2013 Nephrology, , Linz ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin H","family":"de Borst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Department of Internal Medicine, , Groningen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Miguel","family":"Diaz-Tocados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida-Dr Pifarr\u00e9 Foundation (IRBLleida) , Lleida ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Cooperative Research Network Oriented Towards Health Outcomes (RICORS), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1379-022X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro Manuel","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Verona; Nephrology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, , Verona,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9478-4851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Fusaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC) , Pisa , Italy"},{"name":"University of Padova Clinica Medica 1, Department of Medicine, , Padova ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8274-6356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathias","family":"Haarhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, , Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Diaverum Sweden AB , Malm\u00f6 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4929-7901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ditte","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Herlev Department of Nephrology, , Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1297-0675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet","family":"Kanbay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Koc University School of Medicine Department of Medicine, , Istanbul ,","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Ketteler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal and Geriatric Medicine, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus , Stuttgart ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4117-4085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Smeeta","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donal O\u2019Donoghue Renal Research Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust , Salford, \u00a0","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester , Manchester ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-020-00908-9","article-title":"Calciphylaxis in end-stage kidney disease: outcome data from the United Kingdom Calciphylaxis Study","volume":"34","author":"Chinnadurai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.06.025","article-title":"Survival, risk factors, and effect of treatment in 101 patients with calciphylaxis","volume":"91","author":"McCarthy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015091065","article-title":"A Nationally representative study of calcific uremic arteriolopathy risk factors","volume":"27","author":"Nigwekar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Soc Neprol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.10.067","article-title":"Assessment of outcomes of calciphylaxis","volume":"85","author":"Gabel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S241422","article-title":"Calciphylaxis: an analysis of concomitant factors, treatment effectiveness and prognosis in 30 patients","volume":"13","author":"Panchal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.06.058","article-title":"Assessment of diagnostic delay, morbidity, and mortality outcomes in 302 calciphylaxis patients over a 17-year period: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"91","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-02067-2","article-title":"Pain management in patients with end-stage renal disease and calciphylaxis- a survey of clinical practices among physicians","volume":"21","author":"Chinnadurai","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.01.034","article-title":"Calciphylaxis: risk factors","volume":"66","author":"Nigwekar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2310068","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.10068","article-title":"Intravenous sodium thiosulphate for calciphylaxis of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib10","first-page":"e26752","article-title":"Calciphylaxis in end-stage renal disease: a rare condition with high mortality","volume":"14","author":"Bachu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfv438","article-title":"Calcific uraemic arteriolopathy (calciphylaxis): data from a large nationwide registry","volume":"32","author":"Brandenburg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.31387","article-title":"Intestinal ischemia and peripheral gangrene in a patient with chronic renal failure","volume":"122","author":"Rivera-Nieves","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.01.034","article-title":"Calciphylaxis: risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"66","author":"Nigwekar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.09.024","article-title":"Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: different bricks in the wall?","volume":"91","author":"Vervloet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.31021","article-title":"Vascular calcification in CKD: new insights into its mechanisms","volume":"238","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e174977","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.174977","article-title":"Activation of the IKK2\/NF-kappaB pathway in VSMCs inhibits calcified vascular stiffness in CKD","volume":"9","author":"Miyazaki-Anzai","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1159\/000366400","article-title":"Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease is induced by bone morphogenetic protein-2 via a mechanism involving the Wnt\/beta-catenin pathway","volume":"34","author":"Rong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs466","article-title":"Novel insights into osteogenesis and matrix remodelling associated with calcific uraemic arteriolopathy","volume":"28","author":"Kramann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.05.005","article-title":"Adipocyte induced arterial calcification is prevented with sodium thiosulfate","volume":"449","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.323365","article-title":"Sox9 accelerates vascular aging by regulating extracellular matrix composition and stiffness","volume":"134","author":"Faleeva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i3","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfae431","article-title":"Pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD): from adaptive to maladaptive mineral homeostasis","volume":"18","author":"Salera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i46","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfae434","article-title":"The true cost of phosphate control in chronic kidney disease","volume":"18","author":"Rodelo-Haad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1002\/kjm2.12072","article-title":"Klotho\/FGF23 axis mediates high phosphate-induced vascular calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells via Wnt7b\/beta-catenin pathway","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J Med Sci"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.11.012","article-title":"Vascular calcification in CKD-MBD: roles for phosphate, FGF23, and Klotho","volume":"100","author":"Yamada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.302249","article-title":"Sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporters and phosphate-induced calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells: redundant roles for PiT-1 and PiT-2","volume":"33","author":"Crouthamel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26460","article-title":"BMP9\/COX-2 axial mediates high phosphate-induced calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells via Wnt\/beta-catenin pathway","volume":"119","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1505292","article-title":"Calciphylaxis","volume":"378","author":"Nigwekar Sagar","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.234914","article-title":"Arterial calcification in chronic kidney disease: key roles for calcium and phosphate","volume":"109","author":"Shanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e930026","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.930026","article-title":"The multifactorial pathogenesis of calciphylaxis: a case report","volume":"22","author":"Turek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-025-03083-7","article-title":"The formation and function of calciprotein particles","volume":"477","author":"Smith","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12021","article-title":"Serum fetuin-A concentration and fetuin-A-containing calciprotein particles in patients with chronic inflammatory disease and renal failure","volume":"18","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-023-01707-8","article-title":"Cutaneous vascular calcifications in patients with chronic kidney disease and calcific uremic arteriolopathy: a cross-sectional study","volume":"36","author":"Rondbjerg","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012030240","article-title":"Nanoparticle-based test measures overall propensity for calcification in serum","volume":"23","author":"Pasch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Soc Neprol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2019.0381","article-title":"Localization, morphologic features, and chemical composition of calciphylaxis-related skin deposits in patients with calcific uremic arteriolopathy","volume":"155","author":"Colboc","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2018060609","article-title":"Indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate promote vascular calcification and associate with glucose intolerance","volume":"30","author":"Opdebeeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Soc Neprol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12010058","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms that induce arterial calcification by indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate","volume":"12","author":"Opdebeeck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00070109","article-title":"Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study: baseline characteristics and associations with kidney function","volume":"4","author":"Lash","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0259-x","article-title":"IL-6: linking chronic inflammation and vascular calcification","volume":"15","author":"L\u00f3pez-Mej\u00edas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.4161\/oxim.3.2.11354","article-title":"Calcific uremic arteriolopathy: pathophysiology, reactive oxygen species and therapeutic approaches","volume":"3","author":"Sowers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Long"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadn5772","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adn5772","article-title":"Activation and targetability of TYMP\u2013IL-6\u2013TF signaling in the skin microenvironment in uremic calciphylaxis","volume":"17","author":"Napoleon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14050925","article-title":"Vitamin K supplementation for prevention of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease patients: are we there yet?","volume":"14","author":"Roumeliotis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.11.012","article-title":"Inflammation and vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: the role of Fetuin-A","volume":"45","author":"Cozzolino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3263","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn226","article-title":"The circulating calcification inhibitors, fetuin-A and osteoprotegerin, but not matrix Gla protein, are associated with vascular stiffness and calcification in children on dialysis","volume":"23","author":"Shroff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161115666170310092202","article-title":"Klotho-FGF23, cardiovascular disease, and vascular calcification: black or white?","volume":"16","author":"Cianciolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8229604","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/8229604","article-title":"Relationship between serum indoxyl sulfate and klotho protein and vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3-5","volume":"2024","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.053405","article-title":"Vascular Klotho deficiency potentiates the development of human artery calcification and mediates resistance to fibroblast growth factor 23","volume":"125","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0172407","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172407","article-title":"Ecto-5'-Nucleotidase CD73 (NT5E), vitamin D receptor and FGF23 gene polymorphisms may play a role in the development of calcific uremic arteriolopathy in dialysis patients\u2014data from the German Calciphylaxis Registry","volume":"12","author":"Rothe","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-018-0361-x","article-title":"An update on calciphylaxis","volume":"19","author":"Garcia-Lozano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1344-8","article-title":"Protein C and protein S deficiencies may be related to survival among hemodialysis patients","volume":"20","author":"Ichinose","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2022.06.011","article-title":"Calciphylaxis and kidney disease: a review","volume":"81","author":"Gallo Marin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00530108","article-title":"Calciphylaxis from nonuremic causes: a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Nigwekar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2000.00671.x","article-title":"Calciphylaxis in the absence of renal failure","volume":"25","author":"Pollock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1097\/ASW.0000000000000263","article-title":"Managing calciphylaxis: insights from real-world cases at a tertiary academic center","volume":"38","author":"Kochhar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Skin Wound Care"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1505292","article-title":"Calciphylaxis","volume":"378","author":"Nigwekar","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.00803.x","article-title":"Risk factors and mortality associated with calciphylaxis in end-stage renal disease","volume":"60","author":"Mazhar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2009.09.022","article-title":"Determinants of survival in patients with calciphylaxis: a multivariate analysis","volume":"146","author":"Lal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2015.11.015","article-title":"Calciphylaxis: controversies in pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"351","author":"Jeong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.08.065","article-title":"Calciphylaxis: natural history, risk factor analysis, and outcome","volume":"56","author":"Weenig","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13622","article-title":"Early clinical presentations and progression of calciphylaxis","volume":"56","author":"Ghosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-023-01707-8","article-title":"Cutaneous vascular calcifications in patients with chronic kidney disease and calcific uremic arteriolopathy: a cross-sectional study","volume":"36","author":"R\u00f8ndbjerg","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0218155","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218155","article-title":"Correlation between clinical and pathological features of cutaneous calciphylaxis","volume":"14","author":"Dutta","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2021.4182","article-title":"Microstructural comparative analysis of calcification patterns in calciphylaxis versus arteriolosclerotic ulcer of Martorell","volume":"31","author":"Deinsberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001302","article-title":"Clinicopathologic features and calcium deposition patterns in calciphylaxis: comparison with gangrene, peripheral artery disease, chronic stasis, and thrombotic vasculopathy","volume":"43","author":"McMullen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-01928-0","article-title":"Vascular calcification in skin and subcutaneous tissue in patients with chronic and end-stage kidney disease","volume":"21","author":"Ruderman","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"sfaf098","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf098","article-title":"Ten tips on how to deal with calciphylaxis patients","volume":"18","author":"Chewcharat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4617","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-20-1211","article-title":"Radiomics-based method for diagnosis of calciphylaxis in patients with chronic kidney disease using computed tomography","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2023.09.010","article-title":"Role of bone scan in diagnosis of calciphylaxis: a review","volume":"14","author":"Groover","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAAD Int"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14379","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.14379","article-title":"Early diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis: imaging techniques and their combined application","volume":"21","author":"X-k","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/ced\/llac118","article-title":"Characterizing the burden of calciphylaxis: a qualitative analysis","volume":"48","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bcr2014204354","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-204354","article-title":"Successful treatment of calciphylaxis by a multidisciplinary approach","volume":"2014","author":"Borges","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3717","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.14265","article-title":"The application of MDT model for calciphylaxis management in patients with end-stage renal disease","volume":"20","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2021.30.5.S38","article-title":"The role of nutrition in wound healing: an overview","volume":"30","author":"Ghaly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Nurs"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.311880","article-title":"Expansive vascular remodeling and increased vascular calcification response to cholecalciferol in a murine model of obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"39","author":"Carmo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016060651","article-title":"Vitamin K\u2013dependent carboxylation of matrix Gla protein influences the risk of calciphylaxis","volume":"28","author":"Nigwekar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Neprol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1159\/000491881","article-title":"The successful use of apixaban in dialysis patients with calciphylaxis who require anticoagulation: a retrospective analysis","volume":"48","author":"Garza-Mayers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13685","article-title":"Direct oral anticoagulant medications in calciphylaxis","volume":"56","author":"King","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2018.10.002","article-title":"Treatment of calciphylaxis in CKD: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Udomkarnjananun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2003.70","article-title":"Calciphylaxis and nonhealing wounds: the role of the vascular surgeon in a multidisciplinary treatment","volume":"37","author":"Milas","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2023.07.1031","article-title":"A retrospective review of outcomes after hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment of calciphylaxis","volume":"90","author":"Biglione","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12433","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of calciphylaxis: a case series and literature review","volume":"20","author":"An","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib81","first-page":"41","article-title":"Sodium thiosulfate in the treatment of calciphylaxis","volume":"6","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1159\/000332221","article-title":"Evolution of treatment strategies for calciphylaxis","volume":"34","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2010.00738.x","article-title":"Sodium thiosulfate: new hope for the treatment of calciphylaxis","volume":"23","author":"Hayden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.09671010","article-title":"Simulation-based sodium thiosulfate dosing strategies for the treatment of calciphylaxis","volume":"6","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.13081","article-title":"Systematic review of sodium thiosulfate in treating calciphylaxis in chronic kidney disease patients","volume":"23","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.13196","article-title":"Sodium thiosulfate treatment for calciphylaxis: is there an optimal duration of therapy?","volume":"29","author":"Vaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hemodial Int"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp070546","article-title":"Sodium thiosulfate, bisphosphonates, and cinacalcet for treatment of calciphylaxis","volume":"65","author":"Raymond","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"sfaf098","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf098","article-title":"Ten tips on how to deal with calciphylaxis patients","volume":"18","author":"Chewcharat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfac171","article-title":"Intravenous sodium thiosulphate for vascular calcification of hemodialysis patients-a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e186","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.12992","article-title":"The use of cinacalcet for the treatment of calciphylaxis in patients with chronic kidney disease: a comprehensive review","volume":"60","author":"Deen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfv120","article-title":"Multimodal treatment of calcific uraemic arteriolopathy (calciphylaxis): a case series","volume":"9","author":"Russo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib92","article-title":"Calciphylaxis","volume-title":"Proceedings of UCLA Healthcare","author":"Liu","year":"2015"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.10221014","article-title":"The effect of cinacalcet on calcific uremic arteriolopathy events in patients receiving hemodialysis: the EVOLVE Trial","volume":"10","author":"Floege","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2017.04.001","article-title":"KDIGO 2017 Clinical Practice Guideline Update for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD)","volume":"7","author":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD-MBD Update Work Group","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl (2011)"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1245\/ASO.2006.03.042","article-title":"Long-term outcomes in patients with calciphylaxis from hyperparathyroidism","volume":"13","author":"Duffy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.2001.117101","article-title":"Parathyroidectomy promotes wound healing and prolongs survival in patients with calciphylaxis from secondary hyperparathyroidism","volume":"130","author":"Girotto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12502","article-title":"We do too many parathyroidectomies for calciphylaxis","volume":"29","author":"Nigwekar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.25100\/cm.v49i4.4134","article-title":"Sodium thiosulfate and pamidronate for treatment of calciphylaxis: case report","volume":"49","author":"Fernandez Canabate","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colomb Med"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib99","first-page":"135","article-title":"Adynamic bone disease-bone and beyond","volume":"1","author":"Brandenburg","year":"2008","journal-title":"NDT Plus"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080957","article-title":"Inhibition of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand by denosumab attenuates vascular calcium deposition in mice","volume":"175","author":"Helas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e032571","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.032571","article-title":"Effect of denosumab or alendronate on vascular calcification: secondary analysis of SALTIRE2 randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Geers","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1154","article-title":"An open-label, prospective pilot clinical study of denosumab for severe hyperparathyroidism in patients with low bone mass undergoing dialysis","volume":"99","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59143-8","article-title":"Denosumab for dialysis patients with osteoporosis: a cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Kunizawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.28239","article-title":"Severe hypocalcemia with denosumab among older female dialysis-dependent patients","volume":"331","author":"Bird","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23679","article-title":"Heparin, warfarin, or calciphylaxis?","volume":"89","author":"Crotty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016060651","article-title":"Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of matrix Gla protein influences the risk of calciphylaxis","volume":"28","author":"Nigwekar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Neprol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfx126","article-title":"Calciphylaxis in a dialysis patient successfully treated with high-dose vitamin K supplementation","volume":"11","author":"Christiadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab209","article-title":"Successful treatment of calciphylaxis with vitamin K in a patient on haemodialysis","volume":"15","author":"Wajih","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102909","article-title":"Vitamin K supplementation for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: where is the evidence? A systematic review of controlled trials","volume":"12","author":"Vlasschaert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib110","first-page":"2300","article-title":"Vitamin K1 and progression of cardiovascular calcifications in hemodialysis patients: the VitaVasK randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Saritas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.10.029","article-title":"Altered vitamin K biodistribution and metabolism in experimental and human chronic kidney disease","volume":"101","author":"Kaesler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89525","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089525","article-title":"Magnesium inhibits Wnt\/beta-catenin activity and reverses the osteogenic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"9","author":"Montes de Oca","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071811-150656","article-title":"Hypomagnesemia and inflammation: clinical and basic aspects","volume":"32","author":"Weglicki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfac026","article-title":"Dietary magnesium supplementation inhibits abdominal vascular calcification in an experimental animal model of chronic kidney disease","volume":"37","author":"Leenders","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.04.011","article-title":"Dietary magnesium supplementation prevents and reverses vascular and soft tissue calcifications in uremic rats","volume":"92","author":"Diaz-Tocados","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000092","article-title":"The effect of magnesium supplementation on vascular calcification in CKD: a randomized clinical trial (MAGiCAL-CKD)","volume":"34","author":"Bressendorff","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Soc Neprol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2182603","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2023.2182603","article-title":"Effect of magnesium on vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Zhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-019-00631-0","article-title":"Improvement in wound healing, pain, and quality of life after 12 weeks of SNF472 treatment: a phase 2 open-label study of patients with calciphylaxis","volume":"32","author":"Brandenburg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102784","article-title":"Hexasodium fytate for the treatment of calciphylaxis: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3, placebo-controlled trial with an open-label extension","volume":"75","author":"Sinha","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz234","article-title":"The effect of increasing dialysate magnesium on calciprotein particles, inflammation and bone markers: post hoc analysis from a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"36","author":"Bressendorff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.13921217","article-title":"The effect of increasing dialysate magnesium on serum calcification propensity in subjects with end stage kidney disease","volume":"13","author":"Bressendorff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Neprol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.03.003","article-title":"Kidney transplantation and hyperbaric oxygen treatment for calciphylaxis","volume":"107","author":"Nordheim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2022.12.006","article-title":"Patient-reported and clinical outcomes among patients with calciphylaxis","volume":"7","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proc Innov Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-02067-2","article-title":"Pain management in patients with end-stage renal disease and calciphylaxis-a survey of clinical practices among physicians","volume":"21","author":"Chinnadurai","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15702","article-title":"Underreported use of palliative care and patient-reported outcome measures to address reduced quality of life in patients with calciphylaxis: a systematic review","volume":"177","author":"Riemer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-9987.12666","article-title":"Rheopheresis for adjuvant treatment in resistant calciphylaxis","volume":"22","author":"Bouderlique","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther Apher Dial"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.21736","article-title":"Hemodialysis coupled with rheopheresis in calciphylaxis: a winning combination","volume":"34","author":"Naciri Bennani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Apher"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.13666","article-title":"Rheopheresis: a new therapeutic approach in severe calciphylaxis","volume":"25","author":"Robert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10006","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10006","article-title":"ENPP1-Fc prevents mortality and vascular calcifications in rodent model of generalized arterial calcification of infancy","volume":"6","author":"Albright","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ziae103","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmrpl\/ziae103","article-title":"ENPP1 enzyme replacement therapy improves ectopic calcification but does not rescue skeletal phenotype in a mouse model for craniometaphyseal dysplasia","volume":"8","author":"Reichenberger","year":"2024","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ziaf065","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmrpl\/ziaf065","article-title":"Recombinant ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase\/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) decreases vascular calcification and prevents osteomalacia in a rat model of chronic kidney disease","volume":"9","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2025","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14090637","article-title":"Serum calcification propensity represents a good biomarker of vascular calcification: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Pluquet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy134","article-title":"Acetate-free, citrate-acidified bicarbonate dialysis improves serum calcification propensity-a preliminary study","volume":"33","author":"Lorenz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0225824","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225824","article-title":"Citric-acid dialysate improves the calcification propensity of hemodialysis patients: a multicenter prospective randomized cross-over trial","volume":"14","author":"Ter Meulen","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-019-00685-0","article-title":"Vitamin K effects in human health: new insights beyond bone and cardiovascular health","volume":"33","author":"Fusaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.20233411S112a","article-title":"Role of plasma inorganic pyrophosphate in calciphylaxis: a prospective study: TH-OR39","volume":"34","author":"Chewcharat","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadn5772","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adn5772","article-title":"Activation and targetability of TYMP\u2013IL-6\u2013TF signaling in the skin microenvironment in uremic calciphylaxis","volume":"17","author":"Napoleon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03043-1","article-title":"IL-6 inhibition with clazakizumab in patients receiving maintenance dialysis: a randomized phase 2b trial","volume":"30","author":"Chertow","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2025120803414117700_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcy234","article-title":"Review: update on the management of calciphylaxis","volume":"112","author":"Seethapathy","year":"2019","journal-title":"QJM"}],"container-title":["Clinical Kidney Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf338\/65236859\/sfaf338.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/article-pdf\/18\/12\/sfaf338\/65236859\/sfaf338.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/article-pdf\/18\/12\/sfaf338\/65236859\/sfaf338.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T08:41:53Z","timestamp":1765183313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf338\/8316126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"references-count":139,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf338","relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-8505","2048-8513"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-8505","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8513","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"article-number":"sfaf338"}}