{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:45:59Z","timestamp":1787312759395,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82200838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82200838"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chongqing Science Foundation Project","award":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0584"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Technology Innovation Project","award":["2023QNXM007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023QNXM007"]}]},{"name":"National Clinical Research Funding","award":["2023-NHLHCRF-YS-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-NHLHCRF-YS-01"]}]},{"name":"National Clinical Research Funding","award":["2022-173ZD-112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-173ZD-112"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) treatment can lead to the destruction of peritoneal structure and function, which can lead to PD failure or even a poor prognosis. However, validated early biomarkers for patients undergoing PD are lacking. PD effluent (PDE) is rich in various biological components, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites, and is now an important source of noninvasive biomarkers for the dynamic monitoring of disease progression. In recent studies, a variety of histological techniques have provided unprecedented depth and breadth to PD biomarker research, and are becoming key tools in the early diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring of PD patients. Correspondingly, artificial intelligence (AI) approaches, which can flexibly handle data and excel at mining nonlinear and high-dimensional relationships in multimodal data, have moved from theory to practice. AI-based multi-omics analysis has not only greatly improved the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of PD-associated fibrosis (PF) but has also contributed to the development of new biomarkers and novel targets. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in the development of PDE biomarkers using AI-based multi-omics approaches. We highlight the application of AI-based multi-omics techniques for early diagnosis, evaluation of peritoneal injury, assessment of peritoneal function, and prediction of prognosis. Finally, we discuss the challenges and limitations of PDE biomarkers from the perspectives of multi-omics and AI. In conclusion, AI-based multi-omics analysis holds great promise for the development of PDE biomarkers, which are expected to significantly improve the prognosis of PD patients and ultimately facilitate precision medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T13:09:53Z","timestamp":1765285793000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Peritoneal dialysis effluent biomarkers from a multi-omics and artificial intelligence perspective: advances and challenges"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University , Yuzhong District, Chongqing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University , Yuzhong District, Chongqing ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Kidney Diseases , Yuzhong District, Chongqing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University , Yuzhong District, Chongqing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaru","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University , Yuzhong District, Chongqing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University , Yuzhong District, Chongqing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeyang","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University , Yuzhong District, Chongqing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University , Yuzhong District, Chongqing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kehong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University , Yuzhong District, Chongqing ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Kidney Diseases , Yuzhong District, Chongqing ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical poisoning, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University , Yuzhong District, Chongqing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz174","article-title":"A single number for advocacy and communication-worldwide more than 850 million individuals have kidney diseases","volume":"34","author":"Jager","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e382","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00570-3","article-title":"An update on the global disparities in kidney disease burden and care across world countries and regions","volume":"12","author":"Bello","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30045-3","article-title":"Collaboration GBDCKD Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"395","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00623-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of peritoneal dialysis outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Bello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2019.11.001","article-title":"Capturing and monitoring global differences in untreated and treated end-stage kidney disease, kidney replacement therapy modality, and outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Pecoits-Filho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3238","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016010112","article-title":"The current state of peritoneal dialysis","volume":"27","author":"Mehrotra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2100152","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis","volume":"385","author":"Teitelbaum","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.RA117.000186","article-title":"Effects of alanyl-glutamine treatment on the peritoneal dialysis effluent proteome reveal pathomechanism-associated molecular signatures","volume":"17","author":"Herzog","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152584","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2152584","article-title":"Longitudinal changes of PAI-1, MMP-2, and VEGF in peritoneal effluents and their associations with peritoneal small-solute transfer rate in new peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"2019","author":"Hao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14111113","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of MMP-8 and IL-6-based point-of-care testing to detect peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis: a single-center experience","volume":"14","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib11","first-page":"317","article-title":"Expression pattern of peritoneum IL-6 is associated with baseline peritoneal transport function in uremic patients before dialysis","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol Lett"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3109\/08860221003611679","article-title":"Peritoneal cells at admission: do they have prognostic significance in peritonitis?","volume":"32","author":"Elsurer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1590\/2175-8239-jbn-2020-0255","article-title":"CA-125 and CCL2 may indicate inflammation in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"43","author":"Oliveira Junior","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Bras Nefrol"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu233","article-title":"Interleukin-6 in renal disease and therapy","volume":"30","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.01.044","article-title":"Measurement of innate immune response biomarkers in peritoneal dialysis effluent using a rapid diagnostic point-of-care device as a diagnostic indicator of peritonitis","volume":"97","author":"Goodlad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285193","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1285193","article-title":"Calprotectin blockade inhibits long-term vascular pathology following peritoneal dialysis-associated bacterial infection","volume":"13","author":"Cetin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824278","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.824278","article-title":"Glycoprotein 96 in peritoneal dialysis effluent-derived extracellular vesicles: a tool for evaluating peritoneal transport properties and inflammatory status","volume":"13","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1159\/000505388","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide evaluation in peritoneal dialysis patients with peritonitis","volume":"49","author":"Milan Manani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Purif"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1177\/0896860819896134","article-title":"Effluent lipopolysaccharide is a prompt marker of peritoneal dialysis-related Gram-negative peritonitis","volume":"40","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e31021","article-title":"Dialysate cyclophilin A as a predictive marker for historical peritonitis in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis","volume":"10","author":"Tsai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13082345","article-title":"Osteoprotegerin and inflammation in incident peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"13","author":"Malecki","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1159\/000535300","article-title":"Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis: correlation with white blood cells over time and a possible role as the outcome predictor","volume":"53","author":"Virzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Purif"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-023-03410-z","article-title":"Correlation between gut microbiome and cognitive impairment in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-022-01547-y","article-title":"Peritoneal NGAL: a reliable biomarker for PD-peritonitis monitoring","volume":"36","author":"Virzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.02.037","article-title":"Biomarker research to improve clinical outcomes of peritoneal dialysis: consensus of the European Training and Research in Peritoneal Dialysis (EuTRiPD) network","volume":"92","author":"Aufricht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1177\/08968608211067866","article-title":"Effluent decoy receptor 2 as a novel biomarker of peritoneal fibrosis in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.01.031","article-title":"Current status and practical use of effluent biomarkers in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"62","author":"Lopes Barreto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22632","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202200784R","article-title":"Inflammatory chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8 inhibition ameliorates peritoneal fibrosis","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8040330","article-title":"AQP1-containing exosomes in peritoneal dialysis effluent as biomarker of dialysis efficiency","volume":"8","author":"Corciulo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4401","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134401","article-title":"Current insights into cellular determinants of peritoneal fibrosis in peritoneal dialysis: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Suryantoro","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8607","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25168607","article-title":"Pathophysiological mechanisms of peritoneal fibrosis and peritoneal membrane dysfunction in peritoneal dialysis","volume":"25","author":"Ito","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23129","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202201777RRR","article-title":"Activation of the inflammasome drives peritoneal deterioration in a mouse model of peritoneal fibrosis","volume":"37","author":"Kadoya","year":"2023","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.10.022","article-title":"Peritoneal effluent MMP-2 and PAI-1 in encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis","volume":"65","author":"D","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.03.040","article-title":"Preventing peritoneal membrane fibrosis in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"90","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2018.12.022","article-title":"HIF1A and VEGF regulate each other by competing endogenous RNA mechanism and involve in the pathogenesis of peritoneal fibrosis","volume":"215","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548218","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1548218","article-title":"The effect of VEGF, ET-1 and TGF-beta1 levels in peritoneal dialysis effluent on peritoneal solute transport function","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med)"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-019-00658-3","article-title":"Proteomic profiling of peritoneal dialysis effluent-derived extracellular vesicles: a longitudinal study","volume":"32","author":"Carreras-Planella","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib38","first-page":"252","article-title":"Study on the relationship between peritoneal dialysis ultrafiltration failure and aquaporin 1, aquaporin 3, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A expression","volume":"16","author":"Guigui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000496","article-title":"Aquaporin-1 and osmosis: from physiology to precision in peritoneal dialysis","volume":"35","author":"Devuyst","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.08.010","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-10 deficiency has protective effects against peritoneal inflammation and fibrosis via transcription factor NFkappaBeta pathway inhibition","volume":"104","author":"Ishimura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.13641","article-title":"Estimation of residual renal function using beta-trace protein: impact of dialysis procedures","volume":"44","author":"Bargnoux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Artif Organs"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-021-02287-0","article-title":"Beta-trace protein as a potential biomarker of residual renal function in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis","volume":"22","author":"Schwab","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F229","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00274.2019","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis induces alterations in the transcriptome of peritoneal cells before detectible peritoneal functional changes","volume":"318","author":"Parikova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.10.030","article-title":"Peritoneal macrophage heterogeneity is associated with different peritoneal dialysis outcomes","volume":"91","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13277","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413277","article-title":"A meta-analysis of human transcriptomics data in the context of peritoneal dialysis identifies novel receptor-ligand interactions as potential therapeutic targets","volume":"22","author":"Evgeniou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e321","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.321","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics provides new insights into the role of fibroblasts during peritoneal fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106336","article-title":"Single-cell sequencing reveals peritoneal environment and insights into fibrosis in CAPD patients","volume":"26","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111383","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomic reveals the peritoneal microenvironmental change in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients with ultrafiltration failure","volume":"27","author":"Diao","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0170535","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170535","article-title":"Differentially expressed miR-3680-5p is associated with parathyroid hormone regulation in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"12","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016060663","article-title":"The MicroRNA-199a\/214 cluster targets E-cadherin and claudin-2 and Promotes High Glucose-Induced Peritoneal Fibrosis","volume":"28","author":"Che","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2015.57","article-title":"MicroRNA-129-5p modulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by targeting SIP1 and SOX4 during peritoneal dialysis","volume":"95","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.08.034","article-title":"MicroRNA","volume":"141","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46585-y","article-title":"Neutrophil-derived miR-223 as local biomarker of bacterial peritonitis","volume":"9","author":"Brook","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.07.011","article-title":"Extracellular miRNAs: from biomarkers to mediators of physiology and disease","volume":"30","author":"Mori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2276175","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2276175","article-title":"Differentially Expressed microRNAs in peritoneal dialysis effluent-derived exosomes from the patients with ultrafiltration failure","volume":"2022","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genet Res (Camb)"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155683","article-title":"The role of macrophage-derived exosomes in reversing peritoneal fibrosis: insights from astragaloside IV","volume":"129","author":"Shan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-3957","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis effluent-derived exosomal miR-432-5p: an assessment tool for peritoneal dialysis efficacy","volume":"10","author":"Tong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.03.030","article-title":"A prospective, proteomics study identified potential biomarkers of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis in peritoneal effluent","volume":"92","author":"Zavvos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq670","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of peritoneal fluid of patients treated by peritoneal dialysis: effect of glucose concentration","volume":"26","author":"Cuccurullo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463391","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1463391","article-title":"Profiling cytokines in peritoneal effluent through a targeted multiplex cytokine panel provides novel insight into the localized proinflammatory processes in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis","volume":"11","author":"Okulewicz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2018.00052","article-title":"The iron biology status of peritoneal dialysis patients may be a risk factor for development of infectious peritonitis","volume":"39","author":"Aldriwesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12334","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12334","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-packaged ILK from mesothelial cells promotes fibroblast activation in peritoneal fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13110778","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and their relationship with the heart-kidney axis, uremia and peritoneal dialysis","volume":"13","author":"Azevedo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5655","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105655","article-title":"Proteomics and extracellular vesicles as novel biomarker sources in peritoneal dialysis in children","volume":"23","author":"Trincianti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0178601","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178601","article-title":"Multiple extracellular vesicle types in peritoneal dialysis effluent are prominent and contain known biomarkers","volume":"12","author":"Pearson","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0176987","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176987","article-title":"Characterization and proteomic profile of extracellular vesicles from peritoneal dialysis efflux","volume":"12","author":"Carreras-Planella","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20807","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00324-4","article-title":"Proteomic profile of mesothelial exosomes isolated from peritoneal dialysis effluent of children with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Bruschi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12020145","article-title":"Impact of metabolomics technologies on the assessment of peritoneal membrane profiles in peritoneal dialysis patients: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Kondou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3803","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29741-3","article-title":"Metabolomic profiling of overnight peritoneal dialysis effluents predicts the peritoneal equilibration test type","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-018-1611-1","article-title":"Differences in peritoneal solute transport rates in peritoneal dialysis","volume":"23","author":"Asano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01961","article-title":"Targeted metabolomic profiling of peritoneal dialysis effluents shows anti-oxidative capacity of alanyl-glutamine","volume":"9","author":"Wiesenhofer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2014.00118","article-title":"Feasibility of metabolomics analysis of dialysate effluents from patients undergoing peritoneal equilibration testing","volume":"35","author":"Csaicsich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2023.100645","article-title":"The gut-peritoneum axis in peritoneal dialysis and peritoneal fibrosis","volume":"5","author":"Stepanova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Med"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790783","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.790783","article-title":"The Human microbiome in chronic kidney disease: a double-edged sword","volume":"8","author":"Wehedy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319766","article-title":"Aberrant gut microbiota alters host metabolome and impacts renal failure in humans and rodents","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.3390\/life12101513","article-title":"Microbiome in chronic kidney disease","volume":"12","author":"Tourountzis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.02.011","article-title":"The microbiome in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis","volume":"130","author":"Simoes-Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02360213","article-title":"Bacteria-derived DNA fragment in peritoneal dialysis effluent as a predictor of relapsing peritonitis","volume":"8","author":"Szeto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2021.10.001","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolite TMAO increases peritoneal inflammation and peritonitis risk in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"240","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6840","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO01518A","article-title":"The probiotic Lactobacillus casei Zhang-mediated correction of gut dysbiosis ameliorates peritoneal fibrosis by suppressing macrophage-related inflammation via the butyrate\/PPAR-gamma\/NF-kappaB pathway","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27919-3","article-title":"Relationship between gut microbiota and nutritional status in patients on peritoneal dialysis","volume":"13","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443468","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1443468","article-title":"Risk factor assessment and microbiome analysis in peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis reveal etiological characteristics","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-025-01554-z","article-title":"Intestinal metabolite TMAO promotes CKD progression by stimulating macrophage M2 polarization through histone H4 lysine 12 lactylation","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44941","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44941","article-title":"Genomic reprograming analysis of the mesothelial to mesenchymal transition identifies biomarkers in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"7","author":"Ruiz-Carpio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06280-8","article-title":"A case of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis caused by Rhodococcus kroppenstedtii","volume":"21","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19147-x","article-title":"Effluent and serum protein N-glycosylation is associated with inflammation and peritoneal membrane transport characteristics in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"8","author":"Ferrantelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-019-0502-4","article-title":"Toward characterizing extracellular vesicles at a single-particle level","volume":"26","author":"Chiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12277","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12277","article-title":"Characterizing single extracellular vesicles by droplet barcode sequencing for protein analysis","volume":"11","author":"Banijamali","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib89","first-page":"0041","article-title":"Single-exosome profiling identifies ITGB3+ and ITGAM+ exosome subpopulations as promising early diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for colorectal cancer","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Research)"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-024-01802-x","article-title":"Single-cell multi-omic and spatial profiling of human kidneys implicates the fibrotic microenvironment in kidney disease progression","volume":"56","author":"Abedini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05872-2","article-title":"Functional and transcriptomic characterization of peritoneal immune-modulation by addition of alanyl-glutamine to dialysis fluid","volume":"7","author":"Herzog","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaav5341","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aav5341","article-title":"Inhibition of hyperglycolysis in mesothelial cells prevents peritoneal fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Si","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.03.007","article-title":"miR-21 promotes fibrogenesis in peritoneal dialysis","volume":"187","author":"Lopez-Anton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaz9705","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaz9705","article-title":"Lithium preserves peritoneal membrane integrity by suppressing mesothelial cell alphaB-crystallin","volume":"13","author":"Herzog","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1756-4","article-title":"Microbiome-metabolome reveals the contribution of gut-kidney axis on kidney disease","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302352","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1302352","article-title":"Specific gut microbiome and metabolome changes in patients with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and comparison between patients with different dialysis vintages","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e180326","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.180326","article-title":"Urinary cytokeratin 20 as a predictor for chronic kidney disease following acute kidney injury","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000518","article-title":"Urinary Cytokeratin 20 as a biomarker for AKI-CKD transition among patients with acute decompensated heart failure and acute kidney injury","volume":"36","author":"Ouyang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S306816","article-title":"Application of artificial intelligence modeling technology based on multi-omics in noninvasive diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2972","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn187","article-title":"Predicting technique survival in peritoneal dialysis patients: comparing artificial neural networks and logistic regression","volume":"23","author":"Tangri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-1006","article-title":"Development of a scoring tool for predicting prolonged length of hospital stay in peritoneal dialysis patients through data mining","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"sfae242","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfae242","article-title":"Machine learning for identification of short-term all-cause and cardiovascular deaths among patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7470","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64184-0","article-title":"Prediction of the mortality risk in peritoneal dialysis patients using machine learning models: a nation-wide prospective cohort in Korea","volume":"10","author":"Noh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e101138","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjhci-2024-101138","article-title":"Biomarker and clinical data-based predictor tool (MAUXI) for ultrafiltration failure and cardiovascular outcome in peritoneal dialysis patients: a retrospective and longitudinal study","volume":"32","author":"Arriero-Pais","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Health Care Inform"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2022.09.007","article-title":"Peritoneal effluent MicroRNA profile for detection of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis","volume":"536","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2195014","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2023.2195014","article-title":"Association between gut microbial diversity and technique failure in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"45","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646948","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1646948","article-title":"Role of biomarker SOCS1 in peritoneal dialysis-associated peritoneal fibrosis and immune infiltration based on machine learning screening","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2025.100378","article-title":"Perspective: multiomics and artificial intelligence for personalized nutritional management of diabetes in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis","volume":"16","author":"Mahdavi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934158","article-title":"Long-term peritoneal dialysis treatment provokes activation of genes related to adaptive immunity","volume":"68","author":"Parikova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2022.140796","article-title":"Proteomics-based analysis of potential therapeutic targets in patients with peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis","volume":"1870","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteom"},{"key":"2026021104114216500_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2015.01.003","article-title":"Combinatorial Peptide Ligand Library and two dimensional electrophoresis: new frontiers in the study of peritoneal dialysis effluent in pediatric patients","volume":"116","author":"Bruschi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Proteomics"}],"container-title":["Clinical Kidney Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf378\/65830190\/sfaf378.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf378\/65830190\/sfaf378.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf378\/65830190\/sfaf378.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T09:11:52Z","timestamp":1770801112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ckj\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf378\/8376629"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf378","relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-8505","2048-8513"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-8505","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8513","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"article-number":"sfaf378"}}