{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:46:52Z","timestamp":1793234812648,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012054","name":"GHS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AZ 961-386261\/733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZ 961-386261\/733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is essential to slow progression and delay or prevent dialysis. However, in the absence of specific symptoms, patients and physicians may remain unaware of the disease for a long period. Here we present an analysis from the Gutenberg Health Study, a prospective longitudinal cohort study, to estimate the prevalence of CKD indicators in the population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A representative sample of 10\u00a0125 individuals underwent extensive medical testing at baseline; 9331 were tested again after 5\u00a0years. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula with serum creatinine. Urinary albumin:creatinine ratios (UACRs) were determined from spot urine samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At baseline, 2.5% of subjects had decreased eGFR (&amp;lt;60\u00a0ml\/min\/1.73\u00a0m2), 10.4% had increased albuminuria (UACR &amp;gt;30\u00a0mg\/g) and 1.0% had both. Within 5\u00a0years, the incidence of new-onset decreased eGFR was 3.4%, the incidence of new-onset increased albuminuria was 6.9% and 1.4% had both new-onset decreased eGFR and increased albuminuria. Most importantly, 6.8% of all subjects and 3.2% of subjects without hypertension, diabetes or known kidney disease had chronic increased albuminuria, consistent with the presence of CKD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is the first study to report the longitudinal prevalence of CKD in the population. Chronic increased albuminuria, a sensitive marker of CKD, is highly prevalent in the German population even in the absence of risk factors for kidney disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T12:53:36Z","timestamp":1766235216000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Increased albuminuria is highly prevalent in the general population: prevalence of CKD in the Gutenberg Health Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6351-3706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Kraus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7014-5624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Gieswinkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine \u2013 Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone Cosima","family":"Boedecker-Lips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Klimpke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Stortz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva M","family":"Schleicher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4224-4703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rn M","family":"Schattenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Centre , Homburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5766-2617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmin","family":"Ghaemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8743-6752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Schmidtmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl J","family":"Lackner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"T\u00fcscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5503-4150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"M\u00fcnzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology \u2013 Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp S","family":"Wild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine \u2013 Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main , Mainz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter R","family":"Galle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I. 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