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This review integrates current evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology and interdisciplinary management of uraemic ocular calcification. The pathogenesis is conceptualized through a \u2018two-hit\u2019 model: the systemic \u2018first hit\u2019 involves the specific milieu of chronic kidney disease\u2013mineral and bone disorder driven by hyperphosphataemia, calcium load, secondary hyperparathyroidism and a critical deficiency in calcification inhibitors such as fetuin-A and Klotho. The \u2018second hit\u2019 comprises local ocular triggers, including tear film instability, inflammation and localized alkalosis, which precipitate mineral deposition in the supersaturated environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfag039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T12:42:25Z","timestamp":1770813745000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Band keratopathy and conjunctival calcification in end-stage kidney disease: epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical management"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Nanmei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Medical University Department of Nephrology, Naval Medical Center of PLA, , Shanghai ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruizhen","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dahua Hospital Department of Ophthalmology, , Shanghai ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haolin","family":"Gou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Medical University Department of Ophthalmology, Naval Medical Center of PLA, , Shanghai ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maoting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Medical University Department of Nephrology, Naval Medical Center of PLA, , Shanghai ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naiying","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Medical University Department of Nephrology, Naval Medical Center of PLA, , Shanghai ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanzhou","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Medical University Department of Nephrology, Naval Medical Center of PLA, , Shanghai 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